Saturday, February 26, 2011

THE BOOK OF PHILIPPINE KEY FACTS: 1896 (Part I of the Revolution of 1896-1897)

YEAR: 1896 SOCIETY: Statistics: Population subject to Spain: 6,261,339 (RFN :I,568 citing Gazeteer ) Total Spanish Troops in the Philippines from August 21 1896 -January 20,1897: Spanish officers and men -28,463 Native officers and men- 14,654 ( Source: PI : I,265) Members of the Katipunan at the Outbreak of the Revolution: from 15,000-45,000 - ( de los Reyes : 45) )Source:DPP: 77 fn. between 100,000- 400,00 (Le Roy : I,85) ) POLITICS January 1- The first ussue of the "Kalayaan"(Freedom/Independence), the official organ of the Katipunan released. (DPP:74) January 20- Barcelona, Spain.Death of Graciano Lopez Jaena ,orator and journalist. First editor of "La Solidaridad",official organ of Filipino reformist expatriates in Europe. May 3, 1896- KATIPUNAN PASIG ASSEMBLY at the residence of Valentin Cruz presided by Supremo Andres Bonifacio and attended by Katipuneros from the towns of Santa Ana, Mandaluyong, San Pedro Makati, Taguig,Pasig and the province of Cavite. Bonifacio informed the assembly that the secrets of the Katipunan was betrayed in the confessional by three women,wives of Katipunan members,two are from Tondo and the third from Santa Ana and he ended his speech "What is your decision?Shall we rise in revolt now?". Emilio Aguinaldo ,Santiago Alvarez and Benigno Santi ,all from Cavite objected due to lack of arms annd the consequences of defeat are terrifying. May 4- 2:00 A,M- continuation of the Pasig Assembly. It was agreed upon to sent a delegation to sent Dr.Pio Valenzuela as secret envoy of the Katipunan to enlist Rizal to favour the revolution. (KR:9-13) July 4- Barcelona,Spain.Death of MARCELO H.del PILAR.. July 5- Lt. MANUEL SITYAR of the Spanish Civil Guard stationed in Pasig sent a confidential information about the growth and expansion of a secret subersive organization. ( HP : 10 ) August 13- Fr.AGUSTIN FERNANDEZ of Makati reported to the authorities about secret meetings of seperatists. (HP:11) August 19- ( A.M )- THE SECRETS OF KATIPUNAN BETRAYED.Teodoro Patino, a Katipunan member revealed the existence of the Katipunan to his younger sister and the Mother Portress of the Orphan Assylum in Mandaluyong. ( 6:15 p.m) Patino betrayed the secrets of the Katipunan to Fr. Mariano Gil,parish priest of Tondo. Katipunan paraphernalia and documents found in the printing press of "Diario de Manila". Mass arrests follows. (Min.:123-124) August 21- 10:00 p.m . Meeting house of Vidal Acab presided by Supremo Andres Bonifacio aided by Emilio Jacinto (Secretary) and Dr. Pio Valenzuela (Prosecutor),Among those who attended were Aguedo del Rosario, Ramon Bernardo,Romualdo Vicencio,Teodoro Plata,Pantaleon Torres,Ariston de Jesus,Jose Dizon and Severino Baltazar, the incumbent town mayor of Caloocan. (MK:17) 11:00 P.M- 2:00 A.M- Rain. Trek to the house of Apolonio Samson in Pook Kankong,Balintawak,Caloocan. Bonifacio with no less than 300 men armed with bolos,spears,daggers.a dozen of small revolvers and a hunting rifle. (MK:18) After dining with his cousin,he ( Dr.Pio Valenzuela---D) was told by a druggist that "a man in civilian clothes,who appeared to be a soldier called at his home (in Buenavides St., Divisoria---D) annd inqiure abpout him".( PVT in MK.:148 ) August 22- Katipunan headquarter on San Jose corner of Azcarraga Drive (now C.M.Recto Ave.) abandoned.Katipuneros escaped at the hills of Daang Toro,Caloocan.(HI:1) Andres Bonifacio and other Katipunan leaders " under the care and protection of Katipunan Chapter in Caloocan ".(MK:16 ) AM- At 6 Magdalena St.Tondo,Manila. Josefa Dizon ,mother of Emilio Jacinto told Dr.Valenzuela that her spn and Andres Bonifacio,fled the city to evade arrest and advised him to go into hiding.(PVT in Min.: 148) PM-Dr.Valenzuela took a coach going to Polo,Bulacan. 8:00 PM- When he reached Caloocan,his coach was stopped and some one told him that Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto wanted to talk to him. (PVT in MK.: 148) 11:00 pm- Dr.Valenzuela met the outlaw "Laon" who detained and forced persons passing through to become members of the Katipunan. (PVT in MK: 148) Aug.23- Pook Bahay Toro,Balintawak , Caloocan at the house yard and warehouse of Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora),more tha 500 men gathered,she"opened her granary annd have plenty of rice pounded and animals slaughtered to feed us", wrote Santiago Alvarez. (MK:19) The Katipunan general uprising was decided at the general assembly held at the yard of Melchora Aguino (Tandang Sora/Old Woman Sora). ( PVTUS in MK.:238) Aug.24-Katipunan meeting at Pook Kankong, Balintawak ,Caloocan attended by more tha 1,000 men voted to start the uprising on the midnight of 29 August 1896. Brigider generals were appointed to capture Manila:Aguedo del Rosario ,Ramon Bernardo,Gregorio Coronel to take the offensive and converged inside the walled city (Intramuros ,Manila). (MK:19-20) The inaguration of the REPUBLIKA NG KATAGALUGAN (Republic of the Katagalugan/ Philippines).War Cabinet composed of: Andres Bonifacio ----- President Emilio Jacinto---------Secretary of State Teodoro Plata---------Secretary of War Briccio Pantas------- Secreatary of Justice Enrique Pacheco------Secretary of Finance Aguedo del Rosario ----Secreatry of Administration Silverio Baltazar -------General Treasurer The formation of the Katipunan Army. The following were appointed "Jefes Generales"( Generals in Chief ): Guillermo Masangkay Aguedo del Rosario Apolonio Samson Emilio Jacinto Alejandro Santiago Pio Valenzuela Tomas Remigio Lucino ( Luciano San Miguel ? ) August 25-2:00 P.M- Katipuneros engaged the Spanish troops between Pook Kankong and Bahay Toro,Balintawak . Caloocan, a non combatant youth was killed. (MK:20) (P.M, Balintawak ,Caloocan)-Bonifacio gathered the members of the Supreme Council ,and appointed Teodoro Plata, general-in-chief;Emilio Jacinto and Aguedo del Rosario,generals of division and Pio Valenzuela, chief surgeon. (MK,150) Dr.Valenzuela left Balintawak to induce the town peoples of Montalban and San Mateo to join the general uprising. August 26- Skirmish in Pasong Tamo,Caloocan.Bonifacio appointed Gregorio Tapalla (Matandang Leon),a former bandit to led the troops. Among those killed was Tapalla and a Lieutenant Manuel,flag and the valise containing the funds of the Katipunan was left. Bonifacio escaped at a site between Balara and Krus -na-Ligas ( now part of the Univ.of the Philippines). (MK:20-21) Aug.27 Dr.Valenzuela in Mariquina. August 28 - Daylight. From Mariquina ,Dr.Pio Valenzuela reached Escolta,Manila as far as Pasaje de Perez where he embarked in a lake steamer going to Binang, Laguna.He call on the house of Don Silvino Manalo, a native cleric,where he recieved a copy of Gov.Gen.Ramon Blanco's proclamation of amnesty. (PVT in MK.:150-151) Bundok ng Kalayaan /Sitio Balakbak,Mandaluyong. Andres Bonifacio issued a proclamation on the start of the revolution by simoultaneous attack on Manila (Intramuros) and the Katipuneros to attack their respective towns and free their brethren that were imprisoned and suffering from torture. Aug.29- Malacanang Palace,Manila. Dr.Pio Valenzuela, surrendered himself to Governor General Blanco. ( PVT in MK : 151) Aug.29-30 - Bonifacio led the Katipunan simultaneous attack on Manila (Intramuros/Walled City) . The Start of the Revolution against Spain. August 30- Gov.Gen.Ramon Blanco issued a decree placing the provinces of Manila,Bulacan,Pampanga,Nueva Ecija,Ratlac,Laguna,Cavite and Batangas under martial law. "Batalion de los Voluntarios Leales"( Batallion of Loyal Volunteers) compost mostly of members of "Sociedad de Tiro de Manila"( Manila Shooters Society) forme to safeguard Spanish interests in the Philippines. ( AKM: 58) August 31 (Cavite) (San Francisco de Malabon,Cavite,between 10 and 11:00 A.M ) Katipuneros of the Magdiwang Council led by Artemio Ricarte,a school teacher,captured the town hall and its barracks. (RM : 8-9 ) Mariano Alvarez,the founder and President of the Magdiwang Council led the rebels capture the town hall of Novaleta (KR:39) 3:00 P.M- Municipal mayor Emilio Aguinaldo annd Candido Tirona of the Magdalo Council ,captured the tribunal of Cavite Viejo (Kawit). August 31- Twenty two prisoners died of suffocation in Fort Santiago. Sept.2- BATTLE OF BACOOR ,Cavite. Emilio Aguinaldo met his first defeat . (CHC:62) Sept.3- BATTLE OF IMUS,Cavite . Emilio Aguinaldo defeated Spanish troops under Gen. Ernesto Aguirre. (CH:63) Sept.4- Spanish government ordered the first executions. Sept.12- Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite " executed. (HP ;16) Sept.16- Twenty two prominent persons of Manila imprisoned in Fort Santiago.,among them were : Telesporo Chuidian, Mariano Limjap, Luis R. Yanco, Lorenzo del Rosario, Ambrosio Salvador ,Bonifacio Arevalo, Maximo Paterno, Ambrosio Rianzarez Bautista,Nazario Constatino, Antonio Salazar, Juan Luna, Dr.Jose Luna, Isidro Soto Villaruel, Dr.Felipe Zamora, Numeriano Adriano , Ambrosio Flores, Dr.Jose Albert,Isaac Fernando Rios,Marcelino de los Santos and Rosario Villaruel. (HP:17-19) Oct.31- Gen.Emilio Aguinaldo issued a manifesto addressed "To the Filipino People"calling for a creation of a revolutionary government declaring the real purpose of of the revolution:Liberty and Independence.(DPP:78 ) Nov.3 Dr.Rizal arrived in manila aboard ship "Colon". Heavily guaded,he was transferred to Fort Santiago and held "incumunicado". Nov.9-11- BATTLE OF BINAKAYAN and DALAHIKAN,Cavite . Four attempts of the Sapniards to capture fort of Dalahikan failed.Magdiwang trops led by Gen. Santiago Alvarez( KR:63-64) Nov.10- Battle of Binakayan- Death of CANDIDO TRIA TIRONA.(CHC:77) Nov.11- Battleof Binakayan.Gen.Emio Aguinaldo defeated Spanish forces under Gov.Gen.Ramon Blanco.(CHC:78) Nov.3- Rizal arrived in Manila aboard 'Colon',he was closely guarded ,tranferred to Fort Santiago and held 'incommunicado. (JR, :338-339) Dec.3- Arrival of CAMILO de POLAVIEJA, who succeeded Ramon Blanco,as governor-general on Dec.13.(JR:345) Dec 14- Executions in Tarlac. Dec.17- Andres Bonifacio,the Supreme President of the Katagalugan /Filipinas,arrived in Cavite.He stayed at the house of Juan Castaneda at Imus (KR :67) Dec.18- Emilio Aguinaldo,Baldomero Aguinaldo,Daniel Tirona,Vicente Fernandez and others paid their respect to Supreme President Andres Bonifacio.The Supremo ordered the arrest of Fernandez for insubordination . His order ignored by the above mentioned Magdalo Council officers. Dec.15- (Fort Santiago ) Rizal presented to the court martial a manifesto which condemned the revolution as"absurd and savage uprising ploted behind my back,which dishonors the Filipino" and he advised the rebels to "return to your homes..." ( full text in JR :346-347).The manifesto's publication was opposed by court auditor De la Pena. DEC.26- (Cuartel de Espana,Fort Santiago) Rizal faced the Council of War presided by Lt.Col.jose Tagores with six captains of different arms.Beside him was his lawyer Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade. The trial started with the reading of accusations against Rizal,followed by the defense by Lt. Andrade. Rizal read his arguments as addition to his defense. After a short deliberation the council found Rizal guilty of "the crimes of rebellion,sedition and illegal association...and hereby condemned to death...annd pay to the State an indemnity of P 100,000.00..."(JR.349-355) December 30- (7:00 A.M ,Bagumbayan Field now Rizal Park)-JOSE P.RIZAL EXECUTED by a firing squad composed of eight native soldiers belonging to regiment no.70 ( JR :369-371 394;FF:415) Dec.31- IMUS ASSEMBLY(Cavite)- The Magdiwang and Magdalo Councils met to unify the province under one leadership. Instead the Magdalo Council in the person of Baldomero Aguinaldo advocated the establishment of a revolutionary goverment to replace the Katipunan and submitted a constitution drafted by a foriegn educated engineer Edilberto Evangelista. Capitan Emilio Aguinaldo proposed to head the revolutionary government because "Evangelista was the best educated"in contrast with self educated Andres Bonifacio,the Supreme President of the Katipunan.The meeting was stormy ,accomplished nothing and was adjourned because of the arrival of Paciano Rizal,the hero's brother and Josephine Bracken, Dr.Rizal's widow. ( MGAR:25-27 , PAR :182-184) Reorganization of two Provincial Councils in Cavite followed 'as some of of the towns were cleared of the Civil Guards': I. Sangguniang Bayan Magdiwang (Magdiwang Provincial Council ) Officers: (Source:MGAR :13) Mariano Alvarez ........................President Pascual Alvarez...........................Vice President Emiliano Riego de Dios...............Minister of Commerce Mariano trias Closas ..................Minister of Welfare and Justice Ariston Bautista ......................... Minister of War Diego Mojica .................................Minister of Finance Santiago Alvarez .........................Captain General and General in Chief Mariano Alvarez..........................) Artemio Ricarte )Brigader Generals II. Sanguniang Bayan Magdalo (Magdalo Provincial Council) (Source: MGH:130 ) Pangulo (Presidente).................. Baldomero Aguinaldo Secretario de Guerra.................. Candido Tirona Secretario de Hacienda.............. Cayetano Topacio Secretario de Formento ........... Glicerio Topacio Secretario de Justicia ............... Sixto Espinosa Teniente General en Jefe Abanderado ................ Emilio Aguinaldo Note: Gen.Artemio Ricarte listed Emilio Aguinaldo as Captain General and General of the jurisdiction of the Sangguniang bayan Magdalo; Edilberto Evangelista ( Lt. General) and Vito Belarmino and Crispulo Aguinaldo (Brig.Generals). (MGAR: 13)

Thursday, February 17, 2011

PHILIPPINE PLACE NAMES MENTIONED IN EARLY SPANISH HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS

The antiquity of provinces,towns, villages/barrios can be traced back to the accounts of navigators, "conquistadores" , priests and administrative officials during the early days of Spanish conquest of the Philippines. I have consulted the following sources :

P- Antonio Pigafetta .Magellan's Voyage:A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation.
(1526/1994)




BOHOL- Bohol
CEBU- Zzubu ( P :Ch. XIX 71)
Mazau - Limasawa (?)

LEYTE- (name not mentioned by Pigafetta ,only specific places:)
Baibai -Baybay (P:Ch.XX,73)
Panaon (P: Ch.XX,73 )

SAMAR- Zsamal ( P : Ch.XVI,61-64)
Humunu- Homonhon ( P: XVII:64)
Zsuluan - Suluan (P: Ch. XVII, 64)


SURIGAO
( Note: Name of Surigao ,not mentioned by Pigafetta,but named islands between Samar
and Mindanao: )

Cenalo- Dinagat (?) )
Hinnangar- Kabugan (?)) ( P: 65-69)
Ibusson-Hibuson )
Abarien -Cabalian )

Butuan -(P: Ch.XIX,70)
Calaghan- (P: Ch.XIX,70) -Caraga
Mazzaua- Masao (?)

Monday, February 7, 2011

DARKSIDE OF DARWINISM

The Origin of Darwinism :From Theory to Scientifuc Dogma

Darwinism is "the biological theory of Charles Darwin concerning the evolution of species.etc., setforth esp. in 'The Origin of Species..."(1859) and 'The Descent of Man...'(1871)".(Oxford International Dictionaryof the English Language, 1957: 454). Darwinism today is synonymous with evolutionism.

From a scientific theory , evolutionism metamorphized into a scientific dogma akin to religion:
The religious believer believes in an intelligent Creator while the evolutionist believes in evolution as the origin of life ;the believer in a revealer of truth like prophets (Moses,Jesus ,Mohammed etc.) while the evolutionist on Charles Darwin, and his commentarors like Thomas Huxley ,Richard Dawkins etc.; the believer have sacred texts as basis of his beliefs;
The TaNakh and Talmud(Judaism), The Holy Bible (Christianity) , The Holy Quran (Islam) etc,:

If the believers quoted their scriptures ,the evolutionist quoted Darwin's " Origin" ; just look at the pages of Richard Dawkins "The GOD Dellusion" , we haver a clear example of a FUNDAMENTALIST ATHEISTIC DOGMATIC SCIENTISM in action.

Darwinist Dawkins, Harris et al,. accused religious believers of intolerance that they can't stand the presence of other different belief systems ( calling it heretical) ;but Dawkins call believers as suffering from "dellusion", reminds us of atheistic socialists utopias of modern times putting their political and religious dissidents in mental institiutions and gulags /concentration camps ,an example of atheistic "tolerance".

The Development of the Theory of Evolution

Evolution is not a modern concept,it dated back to antiquity. The Greek philosopher Anaximander (ca. 610-545 B.C ) "contibuted a theoryof evolution strikingly close to Darwinian hypothesis, for he attributed organic life to the action of fluid in drying up sufficiently to form fish-like creatures which developed into animals through a process of adopting themselves to life on land.The human species was the end result of this process of adoption."( Sahakian.1968 :3)

The idea of unbounded human progress to an ultimate perfection, expounded by the thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment was in the air during England's Victorian Age. Pierre-Louis de Maupertuis( 'Systeme de la nature ',1751) "proposed the spontaneous generation and extinction of organisms as part of his theory of origin,but he advanced no theory of evolution. Jean Bpatiste de Monet,Chevalier de Lamarck (1778),"recognized the role of isolation in species formation...concieved the idea of the evolutionary tree and the idea that acquired traits are inheritable". Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus "offered in his 'Zoomania or The Laws of Organic Life (1794-6) some evolutionary speculations.concluding that species descended from common ancestors and that there is struggle for existence among animals , but they were not further developed and no real influence on subsequent theories ."( ?!---D) ...The complete Theory of evolution was not announced until the publication in 1859 of Charles Darwin's 'On the Origin of Species...."( The Britanica Guide... 2008 : 78-81;89-92)

CHARLES DARWIN:THE FATHER OF "SCIENTIFIC" EVOLUTIONISM

Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12 ,1809 . He was the second of six siblings of Dr.Robert Waring Darwin, a successful physician and Susannah Wedgewood,the daughter of Josiah Wedgewood , a well known pottery manufacturer.

Charles' grandfather ,Erasmus Darwin, was an intellectual, poet,physician and naturalist. he wrote a long poem"The Botanic Garden ",which brought out his interests in poetry and the science of Botany".he wrote "Zoomania:The Laws of Organic Life" which he intended principally to be a medical textbook. In this last mentioned book, he propounded a developmental theory which later on provided the germinal idea to be expounded and to be developed by his grandson Charles,to be known in the scientific world as the Theory of Evolution.(Brent 1981 :14)


The Making of a Naturalist

Since his early age, while he studied at a day school in Shrewsbury(1817) ,Darwin's "taste for natural history,and more specially for collecting,was well developed".He "very fond of collecting (birds---D) eggs"...and "a strong taste of angling".

In 1818 at Dr.Butler's school , Darwin recieved a strictly classical education. There He gained "a strong taste for long solitary walk" and "verse making,and this I could never do well."
He was fond of reading books:Homer,Vergil,Horace,Euclid,Shakespeare, Byron annd Scott.
He spent his spare times collecting minerals, shooting and watching birds.

In 1825 to 1827 Darwin studied Medicine at the University of Edinburg considered then as "amongst the powerful and intellectual centres of Europe".There he "enjoyed his self selected studies ' by attending lectures in Medicine ,Chemistry, Law,Literature and Philosophy. Hs experiences in the operating theatre-witnessing the agony of patients before the days of the chroloform and the bloody operations performed,made his abandoned a future medical career.
( Brent 1981 : 35-37)

In 1828 to 1831 He studied at Cambridge University.Darwin wrote:"I did not like the thought of being a physician. so he (Darwin's father---D)proposed that I should become a clergyman."
(p.17)

Darwin took a private tutor to brush up his classics and read Paley's books:
"Evidences of Christianity","Moral Philosophy" and "Natural
Theology" to pass his Bachelor of Arts .(F.Darwin :18)

At Cambridge, Darwin attended Prof. John S.Henslow"s lectures on Botany(see pp. 19,20-22) .c
collected beetles,and read von Humbolt's "Personal Marrative" and Sir J. Herschel'Introduction to the Study of Natural Philosophy."(pp.18,23)

The Naturalist of H.M.S Beagle

Through the suggestion of Professor John S.Wenslow and through the recommendation of Lord Londonderry ,Darwin was accepted as the volunteer naturalist of the H.M Beagle (Dec.12,1831- Oct.2 ,1836) on its survey voyage that it would under take "to Tierra del Fuego and returning to England by way of South Sea Islands and the Indian archipelagos." ( L.Engle , "Darwin and the Beagle ",in Darwin.1962: x ;F.Darwin 25-30 ).

From his diaries and notebooks containing his observations, Darwin wrote the book now known as the "Voyage of the Beagle" published in 1839 and a new edition was published in 1845 and the "main product of Darwin's voyage ,was of course the theory of evolution " which he expounded in his major work"The Origin if Species".

"THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES": THE "SACRED TEXT " OF DARWINISM

On Nov.1859 , Darwin's " The Origin of the Species By means of Natural Selection of the
Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life",published :"The first small edition of 1250 copies was sold on the day of publication". ( F.Darwin P.41)

Stephen Cook ( 1990: 32) summarized the essence of Darwin's Theory of Evolution as expounded by Darwin's 2oth century desciple, the biologist Julian Huxley:

"FACT #1 -As Thomas Robert Malthus noted in his1798 'Essay on Population,plant and animal populations tend to increase in geometric manner-- 1,2,4,8,16.32rather than in an arithmetic matter--1,2,3,4,5.

FACT#2- Population of particular species are observed to remain more or less constant over long periods of time.

On the bass of these two facts one can deduce the following:

DEDUCTION # 1 - There must be a struggle for existence since not all members of a species that are produced can survive to become reproducing adults.

Combining this with another observation,

FACT # 3 -Every species of plants annd animals tend to show variations among the individual members,

one can conclude,

DEDUCTION # 2-In the struggle for existence, trhose individuals possessing advantageous adoptins or characteristics win out in a 'survival of the fittest'.They thus leave behind more offspring than less favored individuals.

In this way , Darwin postulated ,plants and animals gradually evolved with better adopted ,more complex organisms slowly replacing simpler organisms as time passed. "

Sounds like a harmless theory on the origin of life , but a contemporary of Darwin warned the naturalist about the dangers that evolution will bring in the future.



A PROPHETIC LETTER:

One of those who recieved a copy of "The Origin of Species" from Darwin is Adam Sedwick.
On Nov.24,18, Adam Sedwick wrote a letter of thanks to Darwin where he expressed his fear on the detrimental future effect Darwin's book:

"You writeof 'natural selection 'as if it were done consciously by the selecting agent.Tis but a consequence of the pre-supposed development,and the subsequent battle for life. This view of nature you have stated admirably,though admitted by all naturalistsand denied by no one with common-sense.We all admit development as a fact of history:but how it came it abot?Here,inlanguage,and still more inlogic,we are point-blank in issue.There is moral or metaphysical part of nature as well as physical...A man who denies this is deep in the mire of folly.tis the
crown and glory of organic science that it does,tho' final cause,link material with moral... You have ignored the link...humanity,in my mind,would suffer a damage that might brutalize it,and sink the human race into a lower grade of degregation (not higher level of evolution---D) than any into which it has fallen since its written records tell us of its history". ( see full letter in F.Darwin 1902/1995 :216-217 ; quoted by Weikart 2004: 1)


DARWIN OPENED PANDORA' S BOX

The Birth of "Social Darwinism"

After Darwin's death on April 19,1892, his "concept of evolution was applied to the historical development of human societies which lays particular emphasis on the 'struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest'. this mixture of social science and Darwinism gave birth to Social Darwinism. ( Bullock and Stallybrass.eds. 1977: 578-579 )


1907-1913
HITLER DISCOVERED DARWINISM IN VIENA:


Joachim C.Fest ,Hitler's foremost German biographer(1974: 55-58),wrote:"His experiences and circumstances during this phase of his life helped Hitler arrived at that philosophy of struggle that became the central core of his view of the world, its 'granite foundation', as he stressed,which he had no need of ever again changing...(He) professed is belief in brutal struggle,in harshness,destruction,the rights of the stronger - as he did in countless speeches and discussions,in the pages of his book (Mein Kampf---D),and in his table talk at the Fuehrer's headquarters during the war... "

( Hitler 's Social Darwinism reflected the "tendency of the age" where lived):

"Nevertheless, the component of Social Darwinism in Hitler's thought can not be attributed solely to his personal experiences in the home for men (and the "school for meaness in Viena"--D).He was really reflecting the tendency of the age. Science had becamethe one and only unchalleged authority.As the laws of evolution and selection put forth by Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer were popularized in numerous pseudoscientific publications,the average man soon came to know that the "struggle for existence" was the fundamental principle of life,the 'survival for the fittest" the basic law governingthe societal conductof individuals and nations...
( Fest 1974 :55-56)

Social Darwinist writers were popolarized by lesser journalist and advocated racial program that was implimented in Hitler's Third Reich :

"The initial concept what was that was just a in untrammeled nature,social process,and the destinies of nations are determined by biological premises. Only on a rigorous process of selection,involving both extermination and deliberate breeding can prevent faulty lines of evolution and assure one nation's superiority over others.Writers like Vacher de Lapouge,* Madison Grant**,Ludwig Gunplowicz ***and Otto Amman**** took up the theme that were popularized in turn by lesser journalists. They had already hit on the whole sinister program:the annihilation of unworthy organisms,the technique of deliberate population policy,the forcible institutionalization and stirilization of the unfit,the determination of genetic supremacy by the size of the head,the shape of the ears or the length of the nose."(Fest 1974:57)