LIST OF 'KATIPUNAN" MEMBERS IN ARTIGAS y CUERVA'S "GALERIA DEL FILIPINO ILUSTRES

Artigas y Cuerva in his book "Galeria..." contains the earliest biography biography of Andres Bonifacio (pp.363- ). It also have provides a list of Katipunan members, their date of initiation ,symbolic names and notes in pages .388- :

NAME : DATE OF INITITIATION : SYMBOLIC NAME

ILDEFONSO LAUREL y :10 September 1892 : " Matiaga "

On the same date designated as delegate to Hong Kong.

BRICCIO PANTAS : :11 September '92 : "Bungahan"

Katagalugan: Ang Kasaysayan ni Andres Bonifacio at ng Katipunan

MGA NILALAMAN

SI ANDRES BONIFACIO AT ANG KANYANG KAPANAHUNAN

Panahon ng Rebolusyon

Sa Russia, pinalaya ni Czar Alexander II ang mga 'serfs' noong 1861.

Sa Estados Unidos ,nagkaroon ng madugong Digmaang Sibil (1861-1865) sa pagitan dalawang magkakatungaling ekonomya ng bansa: ang industrialisadong Hilagaan (industrial North) at agrikulturang Timog( agricultural/agrarian South) na nakasalig sa pag-aalipin(slavery).

Nagwakas ang digmaang ito sa pagtatagumpay ng Hilaga at ng pagbuwag ni Pangulong Abraham Lincoln ng pag-aalipin hindi lamang sa Timog kundi sa buong lupain ng Estados Unidos.

Naging idolo siya ni Bonifacio ng kanyang nabasa ang talambuhay ng mga pangulo ng Estados Unidos.(Beard & Beard,1960:255-273) .Tinularan niya ang pangsariling pag-aaral na ginawa ni Lincoln sa pamamagitan ng malawakang pagbabasa at iro ang nagbunsod sa kanyang mapalaya ang Pilipinas sa pagkaalipin nito sa Espanya.

Sa Espanya, nilabanan ng mga Kastila ang puwersang mapanakop ni Emperador Napoleon Bonaparte ng Pransiya (1808-1814). Ang "Junta Central " ng pamahalaang rebolusyonaryo

upang makuha ang simpatiya ng buong mamamayan at ng kanyang kolonya ay naglabas ng Dekreto ng Enero 22,1808 , na naglalayong itaas ang mga kolonya sa kalagayan at dignidad bilang mga probinsiya ng Espanya. Nang Mayo 1809, muling itinatag ng "Junta" ang Cortes, ang sangay lehislatibo ng pamahalaan . Nagkaroon ng kinatawan ang Pilipinas sa "Cortes" nang taong 1810-1813 sa katauhan ni Ventura de los Reyes. Isa siya sa mga lumagda ng liberal na Konstitusyon ng 1812.Nang bumalik ang hari na si Ferdinand VII noong 1814 ay kanyang pinawalang bisa ang Konstitusyon ng 1812 . Nang nakarating ang balitang ito sa Pilipinas, nagkaroon ng malaking pag-aalsa sa Ilocos at Cagayan noon 1815, dahil sa kanilang paniniwala na iniaalis sa Pilipino ang pagkakaroon ng kanilang pagkakapantay sa mga Kastila at ang pagkabuwag ng tributo(buwis) at polo y servicios (sapilitang paggawa). (Zafra,1967:117-123)

ANG PILIPINAS NANG IKA-19 NA SIGLO

Ang Pilipinas nang ika 19 na siglo ay nakamalas ng malaking pagbabagong pang-ekonomya , pangpolitika , pangkultura at panglipunan.

BABALA NG MGA BAGAY NA DARATING

Hunyo 3, 1863, nang may 7:30 ng gabi , ang Maynila ay nakaranas ng malakas na lindol . Ito ay tinatayang may lakas na 6.3 at ang sentro nito ay nasa East Zambales Fault sa may Manila Bay. Ang Palacio del Gobernador, ang Katedral ng Maynila , mga simbahan , himpilan ng mga sundalo, ospital, gusali at tahanang bato ay mga nangasira. Maraming nawalan ng tahanan sa Tanay,Pililla, Taguig , Cainta at San Mateo . May mga nasawi sa mga bayan ng San Isidro at Giguinto , Bulacan. Sa Pampanga , marami ang natabunan dahil sa malaking pagguho ng mga bundok sa Angat at marami ang masugatan sa bayan ng Lubao. Nawasak ang maraming bahay at simbahan sa Cabuyao at San Pedro ,Laguna , gayon din sa Tunasan, Muntinlupa. Ang mga bayang kalapit ng dagat sa Cavite ay sinalanta ng malaki at mataas na alon (tsunami). Tinatayang 1,172 istruktura ang bumagsak , mahigit kumulang 400 ang namatay at 2,000 ang nasugatan.

Sa Maynila, 300 ang namatay .Ang mga distrito ng Binondo, Santa Cruz, Tondo ,San Miguel, Quiapo, Tambobo at Navotas ay malawak ang pagkawasak. Sa Manila Bay , nagkalat ang mga bapor at pira-pirasong bahagi ng mga sasakyang pangkalakal. Ang tubig nito ay tila delubyong umabot sa Cavite . Ang "after shocks"ng lindol ay naramdaman hanggang sa bayan ng Hinulawan, Cebu. ( Mangubat, 2010 )

Ito kaya ang nagbabadya ng pagdating ng isang mangunguna sa "malaking lindol " at "delubyo" na naglalayong wasakin sa may mahigit na 300 taong paghahari sa Espanya sa Pilipinas ?

ANG MAG-ANAK NA BONIFACIO

May pitong buwan bago ang malakas na lindol, nang ika-24 ng Enero 1863, sa simbahan ng Tondo, ipinag-isang dibdib ng presbiterong si P.Saturnino Buntan sina Santiago Bonifacio at Catalina de Castro . Ang naging saksi sa kasal ay sina Don Severino Ampil at Donya Patricia Trinidad.

Si Santiago Bonifacio ay isang 'indio' na tubong Taguig, lalawigan ng Morong ,anak nina Vicente Bonifacio at Alejandra Rosales. Si Catalina de Castro ay isang mestisang tubong Zambales na anak ng Kastilang si Martin de Castro at Antonia Gregorio. Ang ikinasal ay kapwa naninirahan sa Tondo. ( Ocampo, 2001 : 91)

Patungkol sa kanilang mga saksi ,ang mag-asawa ay mga negosyante na nagpapaupa ng mga karitela. ( Ronquillo: ,talababa 2,724)

Ang kanilang unang supling na ipinanganak noong ika -30 ng Nobyembre 1863 ay pinangalanan nila siyang Andres, dahil ang patrong santong katoliko nang araw na yaon ay si San Andres, apostol. Ang tatlong araw na kapapanganak palamang na sanggol ay dinala nila sa simbahan upang tanggapin ang sakramentong bautismo sa kamay ni P. Saturnino Buntan , na siya ring nagkasal sa mag-asawa. Tumayong ninong sa kanyang binyag si Vicente Molina.(Artigas y Cuerva, 1918 :364) Si Molina ay may mahalagang papel na gagampanan sa Katipunan at sa Himagsikan ng 1896.

Ang kanilang panganay na anak na si Andres ang mangungulo sa isang kilusang tila malakas na lindol na yayanig sa pundasyon ng may tatlong daang taong paghahari ng Espanya sa Pilipinas .

"Ang mga anak ay biyayang galing sa Diyos ", ayon sa paniniwalang Pilipino. Pagkatapos ipanganak si Andres, ang nag-asawa ay nakaroon pa ng limang supling , sina Ciriaco , Procopio,Espiridiona ,Troadio at Maxima. (Santos,1935:1)

Iba-iba ang palagay ng mga mananalaysay ukol sa hanap buhay ng "padre de familia" na si Santiago, ayon kay Medina (1998 ) siya ay isang bangkero . Ayon naman kay de Ocampo,(1966) siya ay isang sastre at naglingkod sa pamahalaang kolonyal bilang isa sa mga "teniente mayor"(ngayon ay katumbas ng 'vice mayor') ng Tondo. Nang panahong iyon ay may tatlong " teniente mayor" ang bawat bayan na katulong ng "gobernadorcillo" (ngayon ay katumbas ng "town mayor"). Ang mga kabilang sa uring "principales" o mga kaapu-apuhan ng mga sinaunang datu (Villaroel, 1999:xxi) o mga pangunahing mamamayan ay kuwalipikadong bomoto at ihalal sa lokal na eleksyon. Matangi dito, dapat din ang mga kandidato ay magtaglay ng katangian o kuwalipikasyon katulad ng "gobernadorcillo".

Lumalabas na hindi walang pinag-aralan at dukha si Santiago Bonifacio .Siya ay kabilang pa sa "principales" o mga pangunahing mga mamamayan ng Tondo.(Ventura 2001:16) .Ito kaya ang nagpapasubali sa puna ni Leon Ma. Guerrero ( 1991 :397) ukol kay Bonifacio na "he was far from being a scion of the '' principalia or a ' child of a good family' "?

Ang ina ay karaniwang namamalagi sa tahanan ,nag-aalaga sa mga anak at nagsisilbing unang guro nila . Ngunit siya ay maaring tumutulong sa paghahanap-buhay. Narahil dahil siya ay isang mestisang Kastila, si Catalina ay pinagkatiwalaan at naging "cabecilla" o superbisora sa pagawaan ng tabako. Ang gobyerno ang may monopolya sa pagtatanim at paglalako ng tabako mula 1781. Nagbunga ito ng pagmamalabis ng mga namamalakad.Ang mga magsasaka na binibigyan ng quota ,paghindi nila ito narating ay nakararamas sila ng pagpapahirap.Dahil dito ay napilitang ipinag-una nilanang pagtatamim ng tabako Nang ito ay binuwag noong 1888 , may limang pagawaan ng tabako at sigarilyo na pag-aari ng gobyerno na matatagpuan sa Malabon, Arroceros, Meisig (Meisik---D) , El Fortin at Cavite. Dahil sa Meisik, ang malapit sa kanilang tirahan, dito kaya nagtrabaho ang ina ni Bonifacio ? (patungkol sa Monopolya ng Tabako, sangguniiin ang Foreman , 293-295 ; sa larawan ng ' cigarerras' , tignan sa Muijzenberg

2008:82 ,ang aklat ding ito ay naglalarawan ng kalagayan ng industriya ng tabako ng ika-19 na siglo sa ilalim ng mga dayuhan, sa pp. 16,20,22 ,34,65, 71-74 , 86 ,89,90,91at 95 )

PINAG-ARALAN

Hindi magkasundo ang mga mananaliksik ukol sa pinag-aralan ni Bonifacio . Inilarawan ni W.Retana (1907:249) ,si Bonifacio ay "sin instruccion" o "walang edukasyon" ; kay John. R. M.Taylor(1906/1971 : Vol. I,62) , "a man of little education"(" taong may kakaunting edukasyon") ; kay Teodoro Agoncillo (1955:) "almost illiterate"("halos hindi marunong bumasa at sumulat") ; at kay Glenn May (1997 : 24) ,"limited education" (limitadong edukasyon).

Kilala ang mga magulang na Pilipino sa kanilang pagpapapahalaga sa edukasyon ng kanilang mga anak. Noon at sa kasalukuyang panahon ,ginagawa ng mga magulang ang abot ng kanilang makakayang maitaguyod ang mga anak na nakakuha ng mataas na pinag-aralan.Pinapangarap nilang makatapos ng kolegiyo o unibersidad ang mga anak ,dahil -sa paniniwalang ito ang magiging daan sa isang mabuti at masaganang hinaharap.

Pinagsikapan ng mag-asawang Santiago at Catalina na mapag-aral ang kanilang panganay na anak na si Andres .Ipinatala siya sa paaralang primarya ni Guillermo Osmena ,na taga Cebu ,na nasa Meisik, Maynila (artigas y Cuerva ,1918 : Vol.II, ) .Ayon sa kanyang kapatid na si Esperidiona ,nag-aral si Bonifacio sa paaralan ng isang nagngangalang Serrano (Pedro Serrano-Laktaw ?).Ayon naman sa mananaliksik na si Jose Lopez del Castillo y Kabangis ,si Andres ay nag-aral sa paaralan ni Epifanio del Castillo ,na nasa Daang Ilaya na kilala sa pangalang "Escuela Primaria de Ninos de Tondo". Pinagbatayan ni del Castillo ang sinumpaang salaysay ni G.Urbano Cruz, madalas na tagurian ng mga Katipunero si Bonifacio na 'Bata ni Maestro Panyo'. (Serrano: 1960:91-92)

Noong Disyembre 10,1863, sampung araw pagkatapos ipanganak si Bonifacio, ay ipinalabas ang Dekreto ng Hari na nag-aatas na nagkaroon ng malawakang reporma sa sistema ng edukasyon sa Pilipinas. Ang mga paaralan ay napasailalim ng estado at ang edukasyong primarya ay ginawang sapilitan sa edad na pito hanggang labingdalawa. Ang mga magulang ay dapat ipatala ang kanilang mga anak sa pampublikong paaralan ,maliban na ukol mapapatunayan na sila ay maayos na nakatatanggap ng pagtuturo sa kanilang tahanan o sa isang pribadong paaralan, Ang mga hindi susunod sa dekreto ay papatawan ng multa. Ang mga aralin na itinuturo ay ang mga sumusunod: Aral Kristiano , Pagbabasa, Pagsusulat , Wikang Espanyol , Aritmetika , Geographiya, Agrikultura ,Kagandahang Asal at Musika. Magkatulad ang mga aralin para sa kabataang kababaihan, maliban sa Agrikultura at Geographiya, na pinalitan ng Pagtatahi at Pagbuborda (Embroidery) .Inaaatas ng dekreto na ang libreng edukasyong primarya kasama ng kagamitang pang-paaralan (school supplies). (Molina ,1960 : Vol.I ,299, para sa Educational Decree of 1863 sangguniin ang Zafra 1967 ; 144-147). Sa paglalarawang iyo ng sistema ng edukasyong primarya ng kapanahunaan ni Bonifacio, ay natanto natin ang lawak ng kaalamang natutuhan ni Bonifacio at ito ay mararagdagan ng kanyang gagawing malawak na pagbabasa.

Inilahad ni Dr.Valenzuela na umabot si Bonifacio sa ikatlong baitang ng 'segunda ensenaza' sa isang mataas na paaralang pribado ,na kung tawagin ay 'Latinidad",na noong panahon yaon ay may tatlong gayong paaralan sa Tondo . Sa mga paaralang oto, natuto si Andres na bumasa at sumulat ng Espanyol. ( Serrano 1960 : 92)

Hindi totoong ang palagay ni Retana na si Bonifacio ay "walang pinag-aralan" at ang ni Agoncillo na siya (Bonifacio) ay "halos hindi marunong bumasa at sumulat". Hindi sobrang mahirap o dukha ang magulang niya, dahil naipatala siya sa pribadong sekondaryang paaralan.

ANG TONDO NI BONIFACIO

Taong 1866, may tatlong taong gulang pa lang si Andres Bonifacio , isang Pranses na nagngangalang Duc D' Alencon ang bumisita sa Pilipinas. Siya , bilang isang kaanib sa uring maharlika ng Europa, ay binigyan ng rankong kapitan ng artilerya sa hukbong Espanyol. Sumulat siya ng aklat ng kanyang paglakbayan sa Luzon at Mindanao. Sa isang bahagi nito matatagpuan ang paglalarawan ng mga dakong ginalawan ng batang Andres Bonifacio:

" Ang pangunahing estero, ang Rio de Binondo ay napapaligiran ng maraming tahanan; ito ay umaagos sa mga sapa o 'esteros' ng Sibacong, Tutuban ,at ang iba nitong sangay ay nagtutungo sa mga karatig dako ng Trozo at Meisic na tinutuluyan ng mga 'indio' , na matatagpuan katabi ng Bonondo. Ang mga dakong ito ay may malaking lupang nasasakupan na napupuno ng maliliit na tahanang gawa sa marteryales na kawayan at nipa. Hindi gaanong malaking halaga o matagal na panahon ang kinakailangang gugulin upang itayo ang mga ito : sa pamamagitan ng itak , na bihasang ginagagamit, ang 'indio' , siya ay makakagawa ng mga materyales na yari ng kawayang kinakailangan sa pagtatayo ng bahay ; sa mga katihan (swamps),siya ay pumuputol ng mga dahon ng nipa na makakatulad sa niyog ,upang magsilbing bubungan. Walang pakong kinakailangan sa konstruksyon ; lahat ay pinagduruktong sa pamamagitan ng taling gawa sa rattan o balat ng kawayan. Ang hagdanang yari sa kawayan ay patungong pintuan ; ito ay dahil sa ang bahay ay halos itinataas sa lupa sa pamamagitan ng solidong (kahoy) na haligi.

Ilang silya , isang baul na kinalalagyan ng mga mahahalaga at iniingatang mga bagay ng may-ari, isang banig na tulugan ,at ilang imahen ng mga santo, ang bumubuo ng kakaunting muebles na matatagpuan sa loob ng tahanang gawa sa mahihinang materyales . Sa gayong tahanan, mag-ingat pagdating ng mga bagyo ! Ang malakas na hangin nito ang gumigiba ng mga bahay ,at ang pagtaas ng tubig ng estero ay tumatangay ng mga nilalalaman nito sa Ilog Pasig. Higit sa lahat mag-ingat sa sunog na biglang susulpot sa gitna ng mga dikitdikit na bahay ng mga 'indio'. Sumisiklad itong tulad ng mga sulo,at ang mga alipato nito ay nagsasabog ng kalamidad sa iba't ibang direksyon. Dahil imposibleng mapigil ang pagkalat ng apoy, kapag nakita ng 'indio' na nalapit na ang sunog sa kanyang bahay, kaagad niyang itinatakbo ang mga kagamitang kaya niyang iligtas ; kung ito ay mabigat , itinatapon niya ito sa 'estero'upang kanyang hanapin sa susunod na araw , at siya ay kalmadong magbubulay-bulay ukol sa pagkawasak ng kanyang tahanan. Sa isang magandang gabi ng Hunyo ,namalas ko ang may isang libong mumunting tahanan ang natupok ;sadakong may mahigit na isang kilometro kuwadrado ;wala ni isang bahay ang naligtas...Sa gitna ng kahabaghabag na tanawin , walang kaguluhanang naganap ,walang iyak ng kawalan ng pag-asa ang narinig : kundi bawat mag-anak ay mapayapang inililikas ang mga bagay na kanilang nais iligtas, at nagkakampo sa dakong malayo sa sunog." ( Duc d'Alecon , 1870/1986 : 4-5 ; )

KUYA ANDRES

Naging ulilang lubos ang magkakapatid ,noong si Andres ay may labing-apat na taon. Dahil dito, hindi siya nakatapos ng mataas na paaralan o nakatungtong man ng unibersidad. Bilang panganay sa mag-kakapatid si Andres ay tumayo bilang "ama ng tahanan" pagkamatay ng kanilang mga magulang. Umisip sila ng paraan ng ikabubuhay. Nagtatag sila ng negosyo na nakatumbas ng isang "cottage industry" sa kasalukuyan: pag-gawa ng baston at papel na abaniko. Ayon kay Atty. Garry Bonifacio , apo ng "Supremo" Andres ,ang baston ay yari sa kahoy na kamagong at may pilak na dekorasyon sa hawakan na nabibili sa mataas na halaga. (ABS- CBN Documentary,"Andres Bonifacio : Case Unclosed).Ayon kay Esperidiona, nabibili sa pagitan ng halagang limanpu hanggang isang daang piso ang mga baston(Serrano 1960:94). Dahil siya ay may magandang sulat kamay, gumagawa din siya ng mga karatula ng mga negosyante.Pagkatapos niyang magtrabaho sa dayuhang bahay kalakal ay tinutulungan niya ang kanyang mga kapatid na magtinda ng abaniko at baston. Umunlad ang kanilang maliit na negosyo,at dahil sa marami ang nakagusto ng kanilang abaniko at baston, "pinayagan niya na ang ilang kababatang kapitbahay ang tumulong sa kanila at kumita ng salapi ." (Serrano 1960:94)

Hindi niya pinabayaan ang pagsubaybay sa kanyang mga kapatid. may pagka-istriktong kuya si Bonifacio . Sinusubaybayan noya ang mga pa-aarala ng mga kapatid , pinupuna niya at iniwawasto ang kanilang pag-uugali ,lalong lalo na sa kanyang mga kapayid na kababaihan.

EMPLEYADO NG MGA DAYUHANG KORPORASYON

Noong una, ay isinarado ng Espanya ang Pilipinas sa kalakalang pandaidigan. Ang tanging negosyo na pinagkakaabalahan ng mga Kastila ay ang tinatawag na Kalakalang Galleon (Galleon Trade) sa pagitan ng Tsina- Maynila at Acapulco, Mexico na umiral hanggang 1815 ,nang ang huling galyon ay dumaong pabalik ng Maynila. Ang Maynila ang nagsilbi lamang na sentro ng distribusyon ng komersiyong ito . Ang galleon na nagdadala ng mga opisyal na sulat mula sa Espanya, mga misyonero , mga kawani ng gobyerno at higit sa lahat , pilak na salapi na para sa adminstrasyon ng kolonya at pantustos sa kalakalang galyon. Sa pagbabalik ng biyahe nitong patungong Mexico ay dala nito ang mga produktong Tsino at Asyano.

Hindi nakinabang ang mga mamamayang Pilipino sa kalakalang ito,dahil sa ang mga makapangyarihan ,maimpluwensiya at piling mga Kastila lamang ang maaaring makilahok . Napabayan ang agrikultura ,walang mga produktong pang"export" na produkto ang nalikha upang maging basehan ng isang mayaman at umuunlad na ekonomya at pinabayaang nakatiwangwang ang mga likas na yaman (natural resources) ng Pilipinas.(Tignan sa Craig & Benitez,1916:71-81,ukol sa Galleon Trade)

Noong 1834, ang daungan ng Maynila ay binuksan sa pandaidigang kalakalan ,sinundan ito ng pag bubukas ng daungan ng Sual,Pangasinan,Iloilo at Zamboanga (1855) at Cebu (1860).Dahil dito , nagsimulang nagtayo ng mga bahay kalakal ang mga Amerikano ,Ingles, Pranses, Aleman at Swiso na umaangkat (export) ng produktong Pilipino na abaka, asukal, tabako , kape, indigo at maging iba pang produktong Asyano. Nag'import"din sila ng mga produktong Europeo para sa pagkunsumo ng mga naninirahang Kastila at iba pang dayuhan , at nag mayayamang mestiso at Pilipino na umunlad sa pakikilahok sa komersyo. (Boncan,1998: 1-30)

Si Bonifacio, ay naging empleyado ng mga dayuhang bahay kalakalan . Bago siya naging dalawpung taong gulang ,siya ay maging klerk-mensahero ng Fleming and Company na gap-aari ng mga Ingles at di nagtagal ay siya ay naging tagapaglako o agente ng rattan, sahing at iba pang mga produkto. Lumipat siya sa Fressell and Company na pag-aari ng Aleman , at naglingkod bilang isang bodeguero hanggang pumutok ang himagsikan ng 1896. (de los Santos ,1918/1973 :85-86 ; Santos.1935:2 ; Ocampo 1997:96-97 )

Ang 'patrona ' ng kompanyang ito na si Donya Elvira Preysler, ay nakapuna na si Bonifacio ay mahilig sa pagbabasa . Isang bukas na aklat ang kaharap niya habang nananaghalian. Paminsan-minsan ay tinatanong siya ni Bonifacio kung ano ang kahulugan ng ilang mga salita. Napansin niyang maingat na tinatandaan nito kung paano siya (Donya Elvira) , na isang ipinanganak na kastila , ay magsalita. Minsan ay tinanong niya ang donya kung bakit binigkas niyang "virtu" ang salitang kung susulatin ay "virtud"; kanyang isinanagot na kung ang mga ipinanganak na kastila ay nagsasalita, inaalis nila ang nasa dulong "d". Kaya mas matalinong gamiting salita ang "uste" kaysa "usted"(panghalip na tagalog ng "ka"--D). (Joaquin , 2006 : 94 )

Ayon kay Ambeth Ocampo (1997:97-98) , ang pagtratrabaho ni Bonifaco sa mga dayuhang komersyante ay tanda na siya ay may kakayahang bumasa at sumulat sa wikang Espanyol . Tatanggapin kaya siya ng katumbas ngayon ng korporasyong multi-nasyonal , kung siya at isang ignorante o walang pina-aralan ?

PANGSARILING PAG-AARAL

Kahit pagal sa maghapong paggawa, hindi malimutan ni Bonifacio na pagyamanin ang kanyang kaisipan. Ang limitadong edukasyon na kanyang natamo ay kanyang dinugtungan ng pansariling pag-aaral. Mula sa kanyang maliit na sueldo na 12 piso bawat buwan ay pinagsikapan niyang bumili ng mga aklat . Hindi matatagpuan ang mga ito sa mga libreria(bookstore) na naglalako lamang ng mga aklat religioso , missal at ng lumang mga aklat na dumaan sa mahigpit na sensor.(Bellessort 1897 /1999:26 ).Karamihan sa kanyang mga binasa ay isinulat ng mga progresibong banyagang manunulat at nabibilang sa mga aklat na ipinagbabawal ng Simbahan . Mabibili lamang ang mga ito sa mga "contrabandista"("smugglers") ng mataas na halaga.Mapanganib ang pag-aari ng pinagbabawal na babasahin, ito ay pinapatawan ng parusang pagkabilanggo o pagkatapon. Kabilang sa mga binasa ni Bonifacio ang mga sumusunod na aklat na pawang nasa wikang Kastila :

"Vida de los Presidentes de los Estados Unidos" (Buhay ng mga Pangulo ng Estados Unidos)

"Historia de la Revolucion Francesa"

Noli me Tangere" at "El Filibusterismo " ni Dr.Jose Rizal

"Derecho Internacional" ( " Batas Pandaidig")

"Codigo Civil"

"Codigo Penal"

"Ruinas de Palmira" (Mga Guho ng Palmira) ni Volney

"La Religion al Alcance de Todos" (Ang Relihiyong na Maaabot ng Kaalaman ng Lahat")

"Biblia"

"Los Mesirables"

"Judio Errante" ( "Ang Lagalag na Hudyo ") ni Eugene Sue

at iba pang mga aklat at nobela ng mga kilalang manunulat sa Europa. ( Talaang ibinigay ni Dr.Pio Valenzuela nasa E. de los Santos:1917:87 ; Santos,1935:2-3 )

Sa testimonya ni Dr.Pio Valenzuela sa harap ng Korte Militar , inilahad niya na Bonifacio "ay maraming nabasa at ang kanyang aklat ay nasamang nasunog ng kanyang tahanan.May kaugalian siyang magpalipas ng gabi sa pagbabasa. Dahil dito siya ay "nagkaroon ng pangarap maging pangulo at palaging bumabanggit sa usapan ang ukol sa Rebolusyong Pranses.(Minutes, 1997;175)

Kapansin-pansin na may mga aklat na kapwa nasa aklatan ni Rizal at Bonifacio: ang mga akda ni Victor Hugo, Alexander Dumas ," Historia de los Presidentes de los Estados Unidos", "Judio Errante" at "Biblia"(Retana 1907 : 63,74, 81 ).

Ang Katipunan ay may sariling aklatan at arkibo . Ang aklatan ay binubuo ng mga aklat pambatas ni Emilio Jacinto ,mga aklat medisina ni Dr.Pio Valenzuela at ang iba ay pag-aari ni Bonifacio ( de los Santos.1917:91) .Ang arkibo o koleksyon ng mga dokumento ng Katipunan ay bumubuo ng mga sulat nina Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar at Antonio Luna, sipi ng tula ni Rizal na "Kundiman' at mga dokumentong Mason at Katipunan. Ang arkibo ay natuklasan ng mga awtoridad ng kanilang hinalughog ang bodega ng Fressell and Company .(Retana, 1907: 355-358)

"All books are either dreams or swords", pahayag ng makatang si Amy Lowell ( 1874-1925) . Para kay Andres Bonifacio , ang mga aklat ay kapwa mga pangarap at sandata .

ANG PRIBADONG BUHAY NI BONIFACIO

"O pagsintang labis ng kapangyarihan/.... Pag ikaw ang nasok sa puso nimuman,/hahamaking lahat masunod ka lamang".

Francisco Balagtas ,"Florante at Laura".

( Mga pagsusuri at Anotasyon ni Virgilio Almario,2003:80 )

Ang aklat ni Jose P. Santos ang unang nagsalaysay ng ukol sa pribadong buhay at pag-ibig ni Bonifacio. Ang unang niligawan at kinasama ni Bonifacio na parang tunay na asawa ay nakilala lamang sa pangalang Monica na taga Palomar,Tondo, na namatay sa sakit na ketong , na noon ay talamak na sakit sa Pilipinas. Nagkaroon sila ng tatlong anak at hindi nalaman kung ano ang kinahitnan nila. Ang pangalawa niyang kinasama at pinakasalan ay si Dorotea Tayson .Nang namatay si Dorotea, siya ay nagpakasal uli kay Gregoria de Jesus. (Santos ,1935:3 ) Ngunit ,pinasubalian ni Guillermo Masangkay, na kapitbahay ni Bonifacio, ang tungkol sa relasyong Bonifacio at Tayson, ayon sa kanya ang unang pinakasalan (hindi kinasama bilang asawa ) ni Bonifacio ay si Monica at ang ikalawang pinakasalan nito ay si Gregoria de Jesus. (Agoncillo 1996:330)

Sa panayam ni Santos sa mananaliksik na si Dr.Jose P.Bantug , naging kasintahan ni Bonifacio ang isang dalagang may 21 taong gulang na nagngangalang Genoveva Baloloy ,nang siya ay naglalakbay bilang ahente sa Libog, Albay noong 1894 0 1895 kasama sang manunulat na si John Foreman .Nagkaroon sila ni Genoveva ng isang anak na nagngangalang Francisca.Nang ipalimbag ni Santos ang kanyang aklat noong 1935 ,buhay pa raw ang mag-ina .Si Francisca ay nanirahan sa Irosin, Sorsogon , makalawang mag-asawa at muling nagpakasal kay Roman Balmes.(Santos.1935 :5). Ngunit ayon kina Dr.Pio Valenzuela, Marina Dizon at Guillermo Masangkay na mga malapit kay Bonifacio,hindi ito umalis ng Maynila sa mga taong 1894-1895 , kaya hindi totoo ang ukol sa namagitan kina Bonifacio at Baloloy.(Agoncillo 1996 ed.:329-330)

ANG REPORMISTA

Kilala si Bonifacio bilang isang rebolusyonaryo , dahil dito ay hindi napagtuunan ng pansin ang bahagi ng kanyang buhay bilang repormista o tagapagtaguyod ng kilusang propaganda na pinangungunahan ng mga ilustradong kababayan na nasa Europa. Ang Kilusang Propaganda ay nagsimula noong taong 1880, nang si Bonifacio ay may 17 taong gulang pa lang. Ang mga pangunahing lider ng kilusang ito ay sina Marcelo H. del Pilar , isang abogado at manunulat; Jose P. Rizal, isang doktor na may kaalaman sa iba't ibang larangan at si Graciano Lopez-Jaena, na isang mag-aaral ng Medisina at isang magaling na orador. Magtayo sila ng mga samahang may layuning pagbuklurin ang mga Pilipinong propesyonal at mag-aaral sa Europa upang hingin sa Inang Espanya na pairalin sa kolonyang Pilipinas ang mga demoktratikong pamamalakad , magkaroon ng pagkapantay-pantay sa pagitan ng mga Kastila at Pilipino, . Nagpalimbag at nagkalat din sila ng mga polyeto at pahayagang "La Solidaridad" na naglalaman ng mga hinaing ng mga Pilipino, maglalahad ng paniniil at pag-aabuso ng pamahalaang kolonyal at ng simabahan sa katauhan ng mga prayle ,at gawin ang Pilipinas bilang probinsiya ng Espanya at nang ang mga Pilipino ay maging mamamayan (citizen) ng Espanya . Kung gayon hindi sila "seperatista" ,kailan man ay hindi hiningi ng mga ilustrado ang pagsasarili (independensiya) ng Pilipinas; sila ay mga "assimilista " na maglalayong na lalong pagkakabuklod ng Pilipinas at Espanya . (Schumacher,

1997 )

Si Bonifacio at ang Masonarya

Kung kailan ,paano at sino ang magpakilala kay Bonifacio sa Kilusang Propaganda ay hindi tuwirang matutukoy. Maaari nang siya ay maging kasapi sa Masonarya ay doon siya nagpasimulang kalahok sa Kilusang Propaganda. Maaaring si Deodato Arellano, ang bayaw ni Marcelo H. del Pilar,na isang Mason na kakila at kaibigan ni Bonifacio ang humikayat sa kanya na maging kaanib nito.May mga Pilipinong Mason na tagapagtaguyod ng kilusang ito sa pamamagitan ng kanilang perang ambag sa samahan. Ginamit din ng mga makabayang Pilipinong Mason ang lohiyang pinagpupulungan bilang dako ng malayang talakayan ukol sa suliraning panlipunan . Sa ilang mga tala ng mga talumpati sa lohiya ay may mga bahaging politikal at magbibigay pauri sa mga prinsipyong demokratiko. (Kalaw,1956:23-39).Si Andres Bonifacio ,ay tinanggap bilang Mason sa lohiya "Taliba" na itinatag ni Jose Dizon sa Trozo, Maynila. ( Minutes ,, 1978:183 :Kalaw 1956:53)

Gaya sa mabanggit sa mga maunang bahagi ,si Bonifacio kahit na empleyado sa bahay kalakalan ng mga dahuyan ay patuloy sa paglalako ng mga baston at abaniko sa kanyang mga bakanteng oras. Kasabay ng kanyang paglalako ay ang lihim na pamamahagi ng mga polyetong sinulat ng mga repormista na nakatago sa kanyang sombrero ,kasuotan at mgaging sa kanyang mga itinitinda. Hindi napansin ng mga guardia sibil na nasa pintuan ng Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas ang isang hamak na tindero na maglalako rin ng mga ipinagbabawal na babasahin. Isa sa mga masugid niyang mamimili ang seminaristang si Ladislao Diwa ,na nagrereklamong mabilis mabenta ang mga ito at hindi siya nakakukuha ng mga bagong isyu ng mga polyeto. Hindi nagtagal ay naging magkaibigan sila at si Diwa ay nanirahang kasama ni Bonifacio upang makilala niya at maging kaibigan ang mga kalahok sa propaganda. ( Ventura,2001:27)

Si Bonifacio at ang "La Liga Filipina" ni Rizal

Si Bonifacio at isa sa mga unang kaanib ng "La Liga Filipina" na itinatag ni Jose Rizal nang siya ay nagbalik sa Pilipinas noong 1892. Sa unang pagpupulong ng samahang ito naginanap noong ika- 26 ng Hunyo sa tahanan ni Doroteo Ongjungco nangagtipon ang ang mga sumusunod : Agustin de la Rosa (tenedor de libros),Ambrosio Salvador (Presidente ng Tribunal ng Quiapo ),Numeriano Adriano (notario ),Bonifacio Arevalo (dentista ), Arcadio del Rosario , ( ),Luis Villareal (sastre),faustino Villaruel (negosyante),Estanislao legaspi (negosyante),Gregorio Santillan (negosyante), Mariano Crisostomo (propietario) ,Deodato Arellano (empleado ng oficinas militares), Jenaro Heredia(propietario),Jose Ramos (may-ari ng imprenta at ng malaking tindahang 'Gran Britania'),Ambrosio Flores (retiradong teniente ng infantria), Pablo Rianzares (abogado),Juan Zulueta (empleyado),Teodoro Plata ( curial ),Moises Salvador (maestro de obras), Francisco Nakpil(platero) at si Andres Bonifacio ( bodegero ng pagawaan ng ladrillo,isang plebeyo). (Retana 1907:246-248)

Puna ni Pascual Poblete: " Sa lahat ng mga nagsidalo sa pulong na iyo'y si G.Andres Bonifacio ang karukharukhaan: ang mga kasamahan niya'y mga nakakaya sa buhay;halos ang lahat ay may sariling pag-aari at marami ang mga marurunong ;dadapuwa't si Bonifacio'y isang abang 'bodegero' ng bahay-kalakal ni ginoong Fressell at mga kasamahang pawang di tagarito, at babahagya ang tinatanggap buwan-buwan..."(Poblete :73)

Ang samahan ay nabuwag pagkalipas ng ilang araw dahil sa pag-aresto at pagpapatapon kay Rizal sa Dapitan. (Mabini ,1969: 41)

Si Bonifacio at ang Muling Binuhay na "La Liga Filipina"

Sa salaysay ni Apolinario Mabini,matatagpuan ang ukol sa papel na ginampanan ni Bonifacio sa muling binuhay na "La Liga Filipina": Ang La Liga Filipina "ay muling itinatag sa pagkukusa nina Don Domingo Franco, Andres Bonifacio at iba pa,at ako (Mabini---D) ay binigyan ng katungkulan bilang Kalihim ng Kataastaasang Kapulungan. Aming itinalaga ang mga layunin ng samahan sa isang maikling programa na naglalaman ng sumusunod o katumbas na wika:tumulong sa pagsuporta sa "La Solidadridad' at ang mga repormang itinataguyod niyaon; naglikom ng pondo upang makatulong sa gugulin hindi lamang ng pahayagan kundi maging sa mga pampublikong pagpupulong na ini-oorganisa sa pagsuporta sa mga reporma at sa mga (Kastilang) mambabatas na sumudoporta sa mga ito; sa maikling salita,ang paggamit ng mapayapa at legal na pamamaraan,sa gayon ay maging isang patidong politikal ang samahan."(Mabini,1969:40)

Sa pangunguna ni Bonifacio,bilang masugid na tagapagtaguyod ng ikalawang"Liga" ,umunlad ang samahan:"Dapapwa't ito ay may mabuting pasimula,: ang karamihan ng mga kaanib sa kataastaasang Kapulungan na kilala sa kanilang kaalaman, pagmamahal sa bayan at sa kanilang antas sa lipuna:salamat sa mga pagpupunyagi ni Andres Bonfacio at iba pa,ang mga konsho popular ay kaagad naitatag sa Tondo at Trozo, at ang iba may naitatag sa santa Cruz,Ermita, Malate, Sampaloc,Pandacan at iba pang dako.Ang maliit na kontribusyon ng mga kaanib na ukol sa mga pagtustos sa La Soliradridad ay maagang mnagagampanan." (ibid.)

Ngunit dumating ang panahong"sila ay tumigil sa pagbibigay ng kontibusyon sa kadahilang hindi na sila sang-ayon sa mga layunin ng samahan dahil ang pamahalaang kastila ay hindi pinupuna ang diyaryo at gayon din ang legal na aktibidad ng samahan." (ibid.)

Nabigla ang mga maginoo at mga opisyales ng Liga nang kanilang nalaman na si "Andres Bonifacio, na may maraming naakit na kaanib dahil sa kanyang walang kapagurang pagrerekrut ,ay may matibay na paniniwala ng kawalang saysay ng mapayapang kaparaanan."at kung magkakaroon ng halalan ay magkakaroon ng pagbabago sa uri ng liderato at ng konstitusyon at mga programa ng Liga. Dito nabatid ng pamunuan ng La Liga na pawang kabilang sa gitnang uri (middle class) na sa kaunaunahang pagkakataon na ang masa, na pananaw ng mga Kastila na tila mga hayop at walang pakialam sa mundo, ang mga magunguna kung pinaguusapan ay aspirasyong politikal." Dahil sa ang mga kapanalig ni Bonifacio at ang mga repormista ay di magkasundo,ang konseho ay nagdesisyong buwagin ang Ikalawang Liga upang hindi sila madiskubre at madamay sa subersibong "Katipunan" ni Andres Bonifacio. (ibid.)

Ang Pagkakatatag ng "Katipunan"

Ang Pag-ibig ni Andres Bonifacio at Gregoria de Jesus

Nang nabiyudo si Andres, siya ay isa sa mga binatang pumapanhik ng ligaw kay Gregoria de Jesus, isang dalagang taga Caloocan na may labingwalong taong gulang .Ang kanyang ama ay si Nicolas de Jesus,na isang Maestro de Obras at Kantero karpintero at naghawak ng mga tungkulin sa pamahalaang Kastila bilang teniente sugundo ,tenyente mayor at gobernadorcillo . Ang kanyang ina ay si Baltazara Alvarez Francisco,taga Noveleta, Cavite, pamagkin ni Heneral Mariano Alvarez ng Sanguniang Magdiwang , na unang gumalaw ng himagsikan sa Cavite. Siya ay nag-aral sa paaralang bayan at umabot sa baytang na katumbas ng unang taon ng Intermedia.dahil sa kanyang taglay na katalinuhan na ipinamalas sa isang pagsusulit , siya ay ginatimpalaan ng gobernador heneral at ng paring kura ng medalyang pilak na may lasong asul. Siya at isa pang kapatid ay tumigul sa pag-aaral ,upang makapagpatuloy ang kanyang kapatid na lalake sa kanilang pag-aaral sa Maynila.Tumulong sila sa kanilang ikabubuhay .Sa kanilang lupain na may mga kasama, sila ay nangangasiwa sa pagtatanim,pag-aani,pakikipag-unawaan sa kanilang mga kasama at mga trabahador at pagpapasahod sa kanila. Tumutulong din siya sa kanyang ina sa mga gawaing bahay. Marunong din siyang magtahi at humabi. Masasabing ang pamilya de Jesus ay kabilang sa "principalia" o pangunahing pamilya ng Caloocan.

Kaugalian noon na dapat ay una munang ipaalam ng manliligaw ang kanyang saloobin sa mga magulang ng dalaga sa pamamagitan ng isang "tulay". Ang naging "tulay" ni Andres ay ang kanyang kaibigang si Teodoro Plata, pinsan ni Gregoria o Oryang. May tatlong buwang bumibisita sa kanilang tahanan si Andres kasama ang kanyang kaibigang si Ladislao Diwa at ang kanyang pinsang si Teodoro . Lingid sa kanyang kaalaman ay nanunuyo na pala ito sa kanyang mga magulang. may tatlong buwan pa ang nakaraan ay nalaman ni Oryang na hindi pala sangayon ang kanyang ama dahil natuklasan niyang si Andres ay isang Mason ,na ipinalalagay ng mga matatanda at mga prayle noon na mga kalaban ng pamahalaan at simbahan,sa makaatuwid mga "masasamang tao". ( de Jesus ,1928 , natatagpuan sa Alzona ,19 )

Ngunit sa loob ng anim na buwan ay nagkaibigan sila ng tuluyan. Ipinagtapat nila ito sa kanyang mga magulang.dahil sa kanilang pagtutol sa magkasintahan, ay ikinulong siya ng kanyang mga magulang sa isang bahay sa may Blg. 28 ng Daang Madrid sa Binondo , Maynila. Sa kanyang liham sa gobernadorcillo ng Bonondo na may petsang Oktubre 1893,humingi siya ng tulong upang malaya at tawagin ang kanyang nobyo na si Andres Bonifacio upang gawin ang nararapat na hakbang upang sila ay makasal. Dahil dito ,noong Disyembre 6 tinawag ng gobernadorcillo si Cornelio Gomez,na nagmamay-ari ng bahay,upang iharap sa kanyang tanggapan si Oryang.

Nang halughugin ang tahanan noong Disyembre 7, wala doon si Oryang. Disyembre 9,nagpalabas ng kautusan ang gobernadorcillo na hanapin si Oryang , iharap siya sa gobernadorcillo at itira sa isang bahay ng isang mapapagkatiwalaan.Natagpuan ng mga awtoridad si Oyang na may sakit sa kanyang tahanan sa Caloocan,dahil dito sumulat siya sa gobernadorcillo na hindi siya makapupunta sa Binondo at sinabing maaring ilayo siya ng kanyang mga magulang at sanay ay patuloy na dingin ng mga awtoridad ang kanyang paghingi ng tulong .(Ocampo,86-88)

Ayon sa kanyang "Talambuhay" ,sila ay ikinasal sa Simbahan ng Binindo noong Marso 1892,ngunit ayon kay Ambeth Ocampo( 2001:89),hindi ito naaaring mayari dahil sa mga dokumentong nabanggit sa itaas at maaaring sila ay ikinasal noong taong 1894. Isa pang hiwaga ay walang tala na natagpuan si Ocampo na ikinasal si Bonifacio at de Jesus nang taong yaon.

Sa aking palagay, ay walang naganap na kasal sa simbahan dahil sa pagtutol ng mga magulang ni Oryang at sila ay ikinasal sa seremonya ng Katipunan ,na gaya ng ipinahayag niya sa kanyang "Talambuhay".

TALASALITAAN

gobernadorcillo-

principalia-

teniente mayor-

teniente segundo-

THE FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN

Origin of July 7,1892 Foundation Day of the 'Katipunan'

History books dealing with the Philippine Revolution as well as textbooks used in the public and private schools put the founding day of the 'Katipunan' as July 7, 1892.They based their date on Prof. Teodoro A. Agoncillo 's 1956 winning 'opus' "The Revolt of the Masses":" A wave of surprise and shock ran through the people as the news of Jose Rizal's possible fate spread. The Governor General Eulogio Despujol, under the date of July 7,1892,had decreed Rizal's deportation 'to one of the islands in the south"... That night of the seventh ,a handful of men met at No.72 Azcarraga Street,then occupied by Deodato Arellano , brother-in-law of Marcelo H. del Pilar.The secret conclave was attended by Andres Bonifacio, Deodato Arellano, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa , Jose Dizon and a few others... A program was approved...firstly,the establishment of a secret society to be known as 'kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most Respectable Society of the Sons of the People)... "(Agoncillo 1956 : 45-46 ).From then on July 7 ,1892 was adopted as the official history books.

Enter the gadfly historian Glenn May

In the midst of the celebration of the centennial of the Philippine Revolution, American historian Glenn May published a scathing critique ( May, 1997 ) on Filipino historians ( like Agoncillo ).he claimed that their works were based on possibly dubious ,doctored documents and unreliable personal testimony .

Pre-Agoncillo Historians on the Foundation Day of the Katipunan

Wencelao E.Retana (1907: 253-256) the Spanish biographer of Rizal ,reprinted the Spanish text of Despujol's decree published in the newspaper 'Gaceta de Manila' on July 7,1892 . Agoncillo echoed Retana's opinion: " Las cosas no pondian quedar como Despujol queria.su decreto clamaba al cielo.Con la ida de Rizal, la ' Liga' quedaba virtualmente deshecha; pero en cambio comenzaba a funcionar el Katipunan; el Katipunan, fundado el siete de Julio a mil ocho cientos noventa y dos , a las pochas horas de haber salido a luz en la Gaceta de Manila el decreto ,tristemente famoso ,condenando el proceder de RIZAL y desponiendo su deportacion. Aquella tarde, la del 7 de Julio , en una posesion de la Calle de Ilaya, reunieronse :Andres Bonifacio , Deodato Arellano ,Valentin Diaz ,Teodoro Plata , Ladislao Diua (sic-Diwa) y Jose Dizon , y fundaron en el acto el 'Kataas-taasan Kagalang- galang Katipunan nang mga Anak Bayan... la "Soberenia y Venerable Asociacion de los Hijos del Pueblo",..." (Retana 1907 :266 ).Agoncillo differed with Retana regarding the place of foundation ,he mentained that it was founded in Azcarraga (now C.M.Recto Avenue) not Ilaya Street.

Efifanio de los Santos ( 1917 /1918 )

ALLEGED ANDRES BONIFACIO SPEECH AT THE FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN

Pascual H.Poblete, in his biography of Dr.Jose Rizal, published a speech allegedly delivered by Andres Bonifacio during the founding of the 'Katipunan' on July 7,1892 when the 'Gaceta de Manila ' published Gov.Gen. Eulogio Despujol's decree banishing Rizal to an island in the south of the Philippines.

The TAGALOG TEXT is as follows:

"Mga capatid:

Tayo'y di mga pantas, caya di mariringal na talumpati at di maririkit na sulat ang ating idaraos; sa gawa natin daanin;ang catubusa'y hindi macucuha sa salita , kinacamtan sa pagsasabog ng dugo!

Talastas ninyo ang calupitang guinawa sa ating capatid na si Dr.Rizal, iya'y maliwanag na halimbawang nagpapakita sa ating di tayo macacaligtas sa caalipnan cung di daraanin sa pakikipagbaca.

Sucat na ang pagcacababa! Sucat na ang pangangatuwiran! nangatwiran si Rizal ay hinuli pagcatapos na mapagusig ang mga magulang,capatid,kamaganacan at cacampi!

Sucat na ! Papagsalitain natin naman ang sandata! Natayo'y papagusigin,mabibilango,ipapatapon,papatayin? Hindi dapat nating ipagcalumo ang lahat ng ito, mabuti pa nang tayo'y mamatay caysa manatili sa pagcacabusabos.

At nang maganap natin ang dakilang cadahilanan ng pagpupulong nating ito'y ating itayo ang isang malakas,matibay at makapangyarihang catipunan ng mga anac ng bayan.

Mabuhay ang Filipinas !!!"

ENGLISH TRANSLATION :

" My brothers:

"We are not that highly educated *, therefore we will not deliver flowery speeches and write artistic prose # ; we will accomplish it through action , (national) salvation can not be attain through word or writing ; it can only be achieved through the shedding of blood !

You have known about the cruelty inflicted to our brother Dr.Jose Rizal, it is a clear example that shows that we can not be redeemed from slavery without resorting to (revolutionary) struggle.##

Enough of humility ! Enough of reasoning ! Rizal argued , but was arrested and then his parents, siblings, relatives and sympathizers were persecuted!

Enough ! Let our weapons do the talking ! That (they) will persecute, imprison , exile (and) execute ( us) ? Let not these things weaken our determination , it is better for us to die than remain in slavery !

In order that we will accomplish the great cause of our meeting, we should establish a powerful, strong and powerful association of the sons ** of the people.

Long live the Philippines !!! "

(Notes:

I combined literal rendering and paraphrasing in my translation. I add words in parenthesis ( )

to convey clearer meaning.

* "pantas"- literal meaning "wise" . experts" ". If I will apply literal Tagalog it would be translated as "We are not wise men" .I paraphrased it to "highly educated". Bonifacio made a striking contrast that separates the founders of the "Katipunan "( who are not "pantas" )with the members of the elitist educated class/ ' ilustrados ' . He used the term "pantas " to described the "ilustrados" or the university educated professional Filipinos based in Europe (particularly Spain) and their counterparts in the Philippines who launched a peaceful campaign for the introduction of liberal reforms to the Philippines. They advocated for "assimilation"-not "separation/independence". Their goal is to make the Philippines a province of Spain ; hence extending Spanish citizenship to the inhabitants of the Philippines,thus making them enjoy the same rights and privileges of the Spaniards in the peninsula.( see John N. Schumacher,"The Propaganda Movement : 1880-1895)

# "maririkit na sulat" literal translation "beautiful /nice writing". Bonifacio alluded to the method used by the "ilustrados"in their PEACEFUL campaign for reforms: publishing an official newspaper (La Solidaridad),pamphlets and books exposing the abuses of the Spanish rule in the Philippines in order that the colonial metropolis Madrid may be persuaded to extend its liberal legislations to the Philippines.

"maririkit na sulat" which I translated as "artistic prose " reminds me of Chairman Mao Zedong's 'dictum ' written on 1927 : "A REVOLUTION is not a dinner party, or WRITING AN ESSAY, or painting a picture,or doing embroidery IT CA NOT BE SO REFINED, so leisurely and gentle,so temperate,kind courteous ,restrained and magnanimous. A revolution is an insurrection , an act of violence by which one class overthrows another." ( from " Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung" pp.11-12. Foreign Language Press. Peking.1966, emphasis mine-D )

** "anac ng bayan" , can be translated as 'sons of the people" ,"sons of the country" equivalent to Spanish "hijo de pais".The tagalog term "anac/anak" is neuter in gender,and can be translated as " sons/daughters of the people.

## "pakikibaka"- fight ,struggle. warfare or revolution.In the context of the speech where Bonifacio mention the "pagsabog ng dugo" (literral Tagalog, "bursting to blood" in clear English "shedding of blood/bloodshed")i n the previous paragraph , Bonifacio is contemplating of a VIOLENT REVOLUTION against the oppressive Spanish rule.

RECOMMENDATION:

Poblete did not mention the source of this speech. Further research should be made regarding its authenticity . The author will welcome constructive criticisms /comments to improve this article.

Source:

."Buhay ay Ginawa ni Dr.Jose Rizal " by Pascual Poblete ... in

Jose Rizal.Info/Biography//u_buhay_at ginawa_rizal htm

PHIL.BOOK OF FACTS: AMERICAN OCCUPATION AND THE RISE OF THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC of 1898

JANUARY 3-U.S Commodore GEORGE DEWEY assumes command of U.S Naval Asiatic Squadron based in Nagasaki,Japan.(JKE:116) JANUARY 25- U.S battleship MAINE in Havana Harbor,Cuba isuppose to be in a goodwill mission but its real mission was to protect U.S citizens and their properties. (JKE:xxvi) FEB.9- slanderous letter of Spanish diplomat printed in Hearst's New York Journal.(JKE:xxvi) FEB.15- Maine mysteriously blown in Havana Harbor.Ignited SPANISH AMERICAN WAR. FEB.25- Acting Secretary of the Navy THEODORE ROOSEVELT ordered Admiral Dewey to prepare to attack Spanish ships in the Philippines in case war with Spain will broke up . MAY 1- Admiral Dewey destroyed antiquated Spanish fleet in the BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.(JKE:116) MAY 19- Pres.McKinley issued instructions to Gen.W.Merritt.He reminded Merrit of the twofold objectives of the military expedition in the Philippines:the reduction of Spanish powerand of giving order andsecurity to the (Philippine) islands. He also ordered him to publish a proclamation declaring that the United States came "not to make war with the people of the Philippines ..but to protect them in their homes,in their employements,and in their personal and religious rights...Private property...is to be respected..".(CWS:Vol.II,677) Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines from Hong Kong. MAY 21-Second .Asst.Sec.of State to Secretary of War: There are 21,000 Spanish troops in the Philippines ,all but 1,000 stationed in Manila .Advised that large supply of rifles to be distributed to the Filipino "insurgent allies" (CWS:Vol.II;665) MAY 29-Military forces to be sent to the Philippines increased to 20,000 men.(CWS:Vol.II,680) JUNE 4- Henry Peobody and Company based in Boston,Massachussetts,with 8 years close bussiness relations in Manila submitted intelligence data regarding the climate, health,location of Manila; concentration and distrinution of Spanish troops in the Philippines and the morale of native soldiers:" that they have no particular love for the Spaniards...they fight under Spanish rule with outmost valor so long as they think the spanis are invincible.."(CWS:Vol .II,690-691).JUNE 11-H.C.Corbin,Adjutant General to Maj.Gen.W.Merritt:"One hundred thousand dollars ($100,000.00) appropriation for contigencies of the Army,available for your use." (CWS:698)JUNE 12- DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE in Kawit,Cavite.,Aguinaldo sought recognition of foriegn powers.(CWS:Vol.II787) JUNE 14-Corbin to Merritt."You should have full 20,000 (men),or even more,if required."(CWS:Vol,II 700).JUNE 15-The transports Zelandia,China,Colon,and Senator sailed at 1:45 p.m under the command of Gen.F.V.Green.(CWS:Vol.II,p.701).JUNE 18-Lt.Slocum in Lisbon, Portugal cabled the U.S Adjutant general that five Spanish auxillary cruisers with 4,000 men sailed for China Sea.(CWS:Vol.II,p.705) JUNE 27-"the ships Indiana,Citry of Para,Morgan,Ohio sailed at @p.m ,Gen.(Arthur ) MacArthur in command." (CWS:Vol.II,715) JUNE 29-"Three expeditions embarkedc for Philippines":First expedition.115 officers and 2,386 enlisted men;second expedition.158 officers and 3,428 enlisted men under Gen.Green and third expedition,197 officers and 4,650 men under Gen.Arthur MacArthur. (CWS:Vol.II,716-715) JULY 6- William day of the Dept.of State,transmitted Consul O.F Williams report dated May 12 on native reactions towards Americans:that they were friendly to him as American representatives;some (the elites ?) expressed that they hope American or Britain would acquire the islands; natives show suffered heavy casulaties but fought with civlity,avoided cruelties and barbarities in contrast with the Spaniards who killed many non combatants.He also mentioned that filipino leader a major Gonzales with 37,000 soldiers,surrounded Manila,captured the railroad lines and the Pasig River,cutting off Spanish supply lines while the Americans cut off the supply by bay and sea "to starve Manila into surrender."(CWS:Vol.II 718-719)

JULY 9-Aguinaldo who was declared president and dictator has about 15,000 men in Cavite,but only 11,000 armed. Gen.Merritt feared that he will try to take Manila without American assistance and became a thret to America's plan to establish a provisional government.(CWS:Vol.II778)

JULY 25-Gen.WESLEY MERRITT arrived in the Philippines and took command of the U.S Expdetionary Forces in the Philippines.(JKE:5) JULY 31-Cardinal Rampolla of Rome coveyed to Mons.Martenelli,Apostolic Delegate of Washington D.C,the popeordered him to take steps at once to have the U.S government prevent prevent the execution of monks held by the rebels in Cavite.U.S government responded by ordering Gen.Merritt that such executions should not be pemitted he is in aposition to prevent such tragic event to happend.(CWS:Vol.II,743) AUGUST 1-Merrit to Adjutant General:"Situation difficult'Insurgents announced independent government ;some are unfriendly,fearing they will not be permtted to enter Manila with my troops.Will join Dewey in note demanding surrender,with assurance of protection from insurgents ( they will be prevented from entering Manila---D).It may be important have my whole force before attacking if necessary to hold insurgents while we fight Spanish,"(CWS:Vol.II,743) AUGUST 12- A protocol was signed between Spain and the United States . The one of the terms of the protocol provided that "(3) Ther United States will occupy and hold the city,bay,harbor of Manila,pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace which shall determine the control,disposition and the government of the Philippines." (For the full text see CWS:Vol.II,750-751) Pres.William Mackinley sent a copy of his Proclamation dated August 12 to Gen.Merritt and ordered him to suspend hostilities and " abstain from all acts inconsistent whith the Proclamation."(ibid.) AUGUST 13- half hour shelling of Manila (Walled City).American land forces under generals MacArthur,Green and Anderson attacked Manila. American suffered around fifty casualties.U.S troops occupied Malate,Binondo,walled city San Miguel. (CWS:Vol.II,754) AUGUST 15-MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA.Consul Wildman of Hong Kong to SEc.DAy: Dewey bombarded Manila and the city surrendered unconditionally. (CWS:Vol.II,752) AUGUST 17-Adjutant Gen.Corbin to Maj,Gen,Merritt:U.S must protect the citizens and properties in Manila and "there must be no joint occupation of Manila and Filipino insurgents must recognize the military occupation and authority of the United States."(CWS:Vol.II.754)AUGUST 20- The terms of CAPITULATION of MANILA ,among the provisions were: (1)Spanish,European and native soldiers to bbe treated with all honors of war ,(2)public propertiesbe turned over to the staff officers designated by the Ubited States (3) Manila,its inhabitants and their properties ,educational and religious establihments put under the protection of the American army.(CWS:Vol.Ii,756-757) .AUGUST 27-GEN.Merritt repoted :About 10,000 armed Filipinos near manila and suburbsFilipinos and their leaders were friendly.Their leaders were mostly men of education and ability.(CWS:Vol.II 767)

SEPTEMBER 3-Filipino insurgents behind American lines.Aguinaldo played delaying tactics in respond to to Merritt's insistence on withdrawing Filipino forces..Gen.Otis described the large part of insurgent army resentful and desired hostilities against American troops and force may be used to eject them in which event may result to war. (CWS:Vol.II ,786)

SEPTEMBER 7-Copy of Gen.Otis' letter to Aguinaldo furnished to the U.S Adjutant General :

Merritt threatened Aguinaldo that he would use force against the Filipino mforces if they would not withdraw their forces in Manila and suburbs.(CWS:Vol.II788-789) SEPT.15-Filipino forces complied with the American demands to withdrawits orces in Manila and surrounding areas,Some insurgent leadersin outlaying districts disobeyed .(CWS:Vol.II,790)

THE BIRTH OF THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC: 1898

l

THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE PHILIPPINES :

MAGELLAN'S EXPEDITION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Mar 16- midday Magellan reached the island of Zamal (Samar). ( VM: 30,32)

Mar18- Samar native fishermen(frum Suluan) described by Pigafetta as "rational people", Magelan gave them food and drink,red caps,mirrors,combs,bells,ivory,bocasin and other things. in return the natives gave the crews "some fish, a jar of palm wine (tuba) and bananas".( VM:32) From their ship they saw the island of Zuluan (Suluan),and the natives were from Humunu (Homonhon)(VM:34). The natives of Suluan took Magellan to their ships ,and "show him all their goods,cloves,cinnamon,pepper, ginger,nutmeg,mace,gold and everyting they had in their ships."( VM:34)

NOTE: Because Magellan reached the Philippines on St,Lazarus Day

(March 16) he named it Archipelago of St.Lazarus .(MV:35)

March 25- Magellan's ships "took a west soutwest course among the islands of Cenalo(Dinagat?), Huinanghan (Cabugan),Hibussson (Gibuson) and Abarien (Cabalarian)."

(MV:36)

March 26-Morning. They were met by a small boat with eight warriors.Enrique de Malacca "addressed them in Malay dialect and to magellan's astonishment,the men appeared to understand him and replied in the same language." (OEW:140)

Magellan met two huge boats full of men with Butuan ruler,Kolambu who preferred to stay in his boat (balanghai).Enrique ,Magellan's slave spoke to the king and understood him.Magellan politely refuse the king's gifts of a bar of gold and a basketful of ginger. Magellan's ship anchored near the king's hut for the night," as a symbol of newfound alliance."(OEW:243)

March 28- Good Friday.The King of in Magellan's ship.The king gave him a "jar covered with leaves, full of uncooked rice"two large dories and other things".Magellan gave them gifts:for the king,a robe of red and yellow cloth and a red cap;and for his men; knives and mirrors.(NV:38).There was an exhibition of the European fire power and weapons.(VM:38,40)Pigafetta listed the names of the kings of Butuan ( Colambo) and Calaghan/Caraga (Siagu ) (MV:43) March 30- Butuan.First recorded Catholic Mass celebrated in Philippine soil.

April 7- Magellan reached the port of Zubu(Cebu).passed many villages,houses on tree trunks.

Pigafetta recorded that four days before their arrival a junk from Ciama loaded with gold and slaves aarived in Cebu and paid tribute to the king . Blood compact between Magellan and rajah of Cebu.( MV:Ch.XXI)

April 8(?)- Magellan and the King of Cebu performed the "Blood Compact" (NV:53) Magellan preached the king on the Catholic doctrines .

March 30. Butuan.First mass celebrated.

April 14 -Two kings of Cebu and Mazaua and five hundred men baptized.The former was named Charles, after the Holy Roman Emperor and ;the later named Juan (MV:64);After the dinner the queen was baptized and named Johanna,after the Emperor's mother and her daughter and the wife of the prince was named Katherine. The queen of Mazana was baptized and named Elizabeth. They were baptized along with 40 women.(MV:65- 66 )

April 26- The son of Zula,one of the chiefs of Mattan (Mactan) told Magellan that Cilapulapu , (Lapulapu),another chief of the said island"dod not want to obey the King of Spain". Midnight,Magellan left Cebu with sixty armored men with the king of Cebu and some chieftains in twenty or thirty boats.

April 27 - Three hours before daybreak reached .Magellan was among those killed in the BATTLE of MACTAN.(MV:75-79)

Duarte Barbosa and Joan Serrano,appointed as commanders of the expedition.

Barbosa, mistreatment of Enrique made him plot a conspiracy with the king of Cebu to seize the ships.Crew who went ashore were massacared.(MV: MMCh.XXVIII )

THE SURVIVORS ' VOYAGE :

After Magellan's death and the Cebu massacare,the survivors sailed to the island of BOHOL,reach Pailonghon/Panglao where they met dark skinned natives "as in Ethiopia" (Negritos)under the ruler Rajah Calanaoa.Pigafetta noted that " the greatest commodity in that island is abundance of gold." ( MV :Ch.XXIX)

Survivors in Palaoan(Palawan) replenished their supply with Palawan produce. Recorded for the first time cockfighting in the Philippines.(MV: XXXI)

June 21- Survivors left Palawan, met three large boats and captured three Arab pilots instead of guiding them to Mollucas,they directed the ships to Brunei,a Muslim stronghold.(OEW:320)

July 9- After Spaniards fired at proas and captured the

PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY

I. ORIGIN OF PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO A . Legendary Origin-Quarrel between the Sky and the Sea B. Geologic Origin II. THEORIES ON THE PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES: A. Legendary origin : 1.Sicalac and Sicavay 2.Malakas and Maganda B. Theories on the Peopling of Asia : 1. Out of Africa Theory (WP 2d ed.:288) 2. Multilinear/ Multiregional Model or Regional Continuity Theory (PE : 100) C.Fossil Remains / Proof of Earliest Humans in N.E Asia and SE Asia( PE.:106 ; WP 2nd ed.:1 -9) 1.

THE BOOK OF PHILIPPINE FACTS: 1897 (Part 2 of the Revolution of 1896-1897)

YEAR 1897



THE SPANISH OFFENSIVE UNDER POLAVIEJA

By FEB.1-
Spain transported to the Philippines 15 battalions of infantry, 4 battalions of marine infantry.
Those sent were young recruits -mostly boys betwwen 18 or 19 years old. (PI; I,71)

FEB. 7-Gov.Gen.Camilo de Polavieja organized the following commands and were stationed as follows:

Division of Laguna,Batangas and Tayabas under Maj.Gen.Lacambre .His personal
commnands were composed of 1,363 men. His three brigades were as folows:

First Brigade -Brig.Gen. Cornel:4,001 men.Headquarters at Calamba,Laguna.

Second Bigade -Brig.Gen.Marina Vega:3,913 men.Headquarters at Binang,Laguna.

Third Brigade -Brig,Gen.Jaramillo : 1,645 men and 2 guns. Headqurters at Taal,
Batangas. With detachments along the line Lian-Taal,which amounted to 1,095
men.

Fourth Brigade-ubder Brig.Gen.Galbis.Composed of 100 cavalry,5,869 infantry,
14 guns and was extended along the northern bank of the Zapote River.Bay and Taal
lakes guarded by launches and small crafts and gunboats patrolled the seacosts.


Brig.Gen.de los Rios held Cavite and Dalahican with a force of about 3,812 infantry
and 100 cavalry.

Maj.Gen.Zappino held Manila and Morong provinces with 2,754 infantry,216 heavy
artillary,the Manila volunteers and the civil guards of the provinces.


FEB.8

Provinces north of manila pacified by the Spanish troops.Gov.Gen.Polavieja planned a multi pronged attack on Cavite and the southern Tagalog region.(BB:54)




FEB.14
Gov.Gen.Camilo de Polavieja,who relieved Blanco of command,bivoouacked at Paranaque anf led the military operation against the rebels in Cavite.(TR:9)

FEB.15
Spanish troops under Gen.Galbis took Pamplona. (PI: I,73)

FEB.17
Gen. Edilberto Evangelista , an engineering graduate of the University of Ghent ,was among those brave Filipinbo defenders waho fell fighting heroically at the trenches in the BATTLE OF ZAPOTE BRIDGE. According to Apolinario Mabini Evangelista "took charge of the construction of trenches and other field fortifications which gave much trouble to the Spanish forces."(PHSS:320)


FEB.19-
Gen.Lacambre with Cornel's and Marina Vega brigades took Silang,Cavite. (PI: I,72)
Gen.Lacambre captured Damarinas,Cavite ,defended in person by Aguinaldo(PI:I,73)
Brig,Gen. Jaramillo took Bayuyungan and droved the rebels to Batangas. (PI,73)


FEB.28
EXECUTION OF SPANISH PRIEST PRISONERS
Boundery line between Naik and Maragondon. 6:00 p.m .The following Spanish priests priests were shot upon the oral order of Andres Bonifacio:Agapito Echecgoyen,Recollect parish priests of Amadeo; Domingo Cardenas, Agustinian priest of Talisay;Antonio Piernevieja,
Agustinian and an Augustinian brother ,administrator of the hacienda at Buenavista. After the execution,the crowd shouted:"Mabuhay ang Lahing Tagalog!" (Long Live the Tagalog Race!)
(KPPC :196-199)

According to Telesforo Canseco(a pro-friar chronicler),who was also detained in Buenavista,the priests suffered maltreatment at the hands of the revolutionists;.When he and the priests were transfered in San Francisco de Malabon (the capital of Magdiwang Council),he heard that the priests were tortured by the Bonifacio brothers. Magdiwang Minister of Finance Diego de Mojica got angry when he learned about the incident and gave an order that the priests must not be subject to any kind of torture. When the Spaniards entered Silang ,Andres Bonifacio and Mariano Alvarez,whom Canseco described as "anti-religious and cruel Mason" took the prisoner-priests and sentenced they with death without trial and without giving them notice of the sentence. (KPPC:197)

The accusation of Canseco that the priests were executed without any trial is not true. Bonifacio appointed Santos Nocon("Duhat") as Judge and Artemio Ricarte("Vibora") the school teacher of San Francisco de Malabon as Fiscal. Fr.Piernevieja was accused of killing two of his servants (He inspired Rizal to depict him as Padre Salvi in the novel "Noli Me Tangere" and the servant killed is the fictional "Crispin" ,one of the two Altar boys of Padre Salvi---D).According to Ricarte"the charges brought against them were many,among them being the execution of the three native priests Mariano Gomez,Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora falsely implicated as leaders in the Cavire Mutiny of 1872,and the banishment of Jose Rizal. (MGAR:12-13)

Canseco remembered how Aguinaldo condemmed Bonifacio and Alvarez ' execution of the priests.He (Aguinaldo) decribed them as cruel persons who mistreated Spanish prisoners and deprived them of food.Because of Aguinaldo's gallantry towards Spanish and native prisoners ,he won their symphaty of the people and later on elected as president defeating Bonifacio at Tejeros. (KPPC:200,201)

Canseco's account ( Historia de la Insurrection...) favors Aguinaldo which he considered as "pro-friar".







MAR.22-FIRST TEJEROS CONVENTION at the Friar Estate House,Tejeros ,San Franciscio de Malabon, Cavite. Magdiwang and Magdalo councils met. The meeting was presided by Jacinto Lumbreras,but he yeilded the chair to Supremo Bonifacio. Instead of discussing how to unite the two rival factions , both factions decided to replace the Katipunan and establish a REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT .After the assembly promised to abide by majority decision,they proceed to elect its officers. The following were elected by secret ballots: EMILIO AGUINALDO ,President;Mariano Trias *,Vice President;Artemio Ricarte*,captain general;Emiliano Riego de Dios,*Director of War annd Andres Bonifacio, Director of Interior. (All with asterisks are officers of Magdiwang Council ).

This showed that Bonifacio do not have a solid following in Cavite and he can not count on the support of seemingly 'pro Bonifacio' Magdiwang Council. Candido Tirona,the Minister of War of the Magdalo council, protested on Bonifacio's election and suggested that Jose del Rosario,a lawyer is better qualified than Bonifacio who have no lawyer's diploma. Infuriated Bonifacio declared the proceedings null and void and walked out with some loyal followers. ( Eyewitness acounts in MGAR:36-43; KR: 82-88)

Additional Notes:

Tally of votes in the Tejeros Convention "Snap" Election:

Office of the President of the Revolutionary Government
Emilio Aguinaldo- 146 votes (winner); Andres Bonifacio- 80 votes; Mariano
Alvarez , 30 votes. (KPPC:217)

Ricarte mentioned only voters from Magdiwang and Magdalo Council but there was a seizable presence of Batangas Katipuneros. On the significant role of the Batangueno Katipuneros in the First Tejeros convention,Glenn May wrote :"When Bonifacio subsequently attempted to nullify the elections,...the Batangeno delegation adamantly insisted that the results be upheld...the outcome of the Tejeros Assembly was largely decided by the action of Santiago Rillo and his fellow Batanguenos.Rillo has thrown his influence behind the idea of unifucation and by doind so had helped bring about the election of Aguinaldo to the presidency....and commited himself to Aguinaldo and against Bonifacio."(BB:57)


MAR.23- SECOND TEJEROS ASSEMBLY composed of Bonifacio loyalists. Bonifacio and others signed a document now known as the ACTA DE TEJEROS declaring the election held the day before as null and void beacuse "the same lacks legality, we have learned the actual pressure has been brought to bear upon our Presidency; and that the ballots have been prepared by one person and have been issued to unqualified persons in order to secure a majority;and we learned that they have conspired there..." and treathened to "make all efforts to trace the steps of those who may intend to commit trason...that we will pursue them relentlessly and send them to the Presidency for punishment as soon as practicable." (for the English translation of the Acta see MGAM:97-98,see also Bonifacio's Letters to M.Alvarez and E.Jacinto in RM;216-2170)

Before noon, BATTLE OF PASONG SANTOL,Salitran ,Cavite. Emilio Aguinaldo was notified by Colonel Vicente Riego de Dios, a Magdiwang ,about his (Aguinaldo's) election as president of the newly formed Revolutionary Government. CRISPULO ,his elder brother temporarily took the command of the troops and died in action in obidience to the oath he gave to his brother. (RM:219-221)

8:00p.m- Convent Hall of Tanza Church, EMILIO AGUINALDO (President) ,Mariano Trias (Vice President) and the elected cabinet members of the newly formed Revolutionary Government took their oath of office. ARTEMIO RICARTE,Captain general elect,was forced to took his oath in order to leave the place unmolested. (MGAR: 41-42; for full text of Ricarte's Protest ...see MGAR ;95-96)

MAR.24-

Imus taken by the Spaniard and garissoned.(PI:I,73)

Ricarte signed a protest regarding the oath taking that took place in Tanza.That he could not accept the position of captain general because the election in Tejeros did not reflect the real "will of the people" and he took his oath because he fear for his life. (MGAR: )

MARCH (?) Naik,Cavite. Bonifacio and thirthy five others signed the ACTA DE NAIK/NAIK MILITARY AGREEMENT. Bonifacio,having no authority from the Revolutionary Government established during the First Tejeros Convention (Mar.22),assumed full military control and established an army corps placed under the command of Gen.Pio del Pilar. (full text in MGAR:99)
Major Lazaro Macapagal, who was detained by Ciriaco Bonifacio,the Supremo's brother escaped from his confinement and reprted the whole incident to Aguinald who lost no time in gathering his troops and rush at the Naik estate house.

Aguinaldo while secretly evesdropping heard the Bonifacio reading the contents of the Naik Military Agreemeny and was surprised when he saw his loyal men,Generals Pio del Pilar and Mariano plotting with Bonifacio. Bonifacio and his followers dashed out of the estate house.

MAR.26
Gov.Gen.Polavieja offered full amnesty to all who surrenderd their arms by April 11.(PI:I,73)

MAR.31
Revolutionists defeated at Novaleta and abandoned Binakayan and Cavite Viejo.(PI: I,73)

APR.6
Despite obstinate defense of Andres Bonifacio,Gen.Lacambre took San Francisco de Malabon,
Cavite. (PI: I,73)


APR.15- Bonifacio ,assuming the title "Ang Pangulo ng Haring Bayan" (President of the Sovereign People) appointment designating Emilio Jacinto,the Secretary of the defunct Katipunan Supreme Council ,as the Commander in Chief of the Northern Military Area (Manila and nearby provinces).(see facsimile of the appointment in RM:196)

NOTE: The Acta de Tejeros(Mar.23,1897),the Naik Military Agreement and Jacinto's Appointment (Apr.15) undermined and challenged the authority of the elected Revolutionary Government.

APRIL 16
Naik,Cavite. Andres Bonifacio wrote to Emilio Jacinto regarding a letter of the Jesuit Fr. Pio Pi and Rafael Comenge inviting the revolutionary chiefs"to lay down their arms" and "are promised a general pardon" and "Capitan Emilio (Aguinaldo--D) made several conditions,expulsion of friars,Deputies to the Cortes (Spaish Parliament---D) and others .Aguinaldo wrte secretly to the Chiefs of the Magdiwang.When President Mariano (Alvarez--D) learned of this,he called a meeting...(and) it was resolved to fontinue the war against the Spaniards and not to admit any terms of reconcilation". (AB: 112 )

Note:
Aguinaldo gave same account in his memoirs published 1964(MGH:199-200 ) but according to him the Magdalo Council replied that they will not recieve any terms except "the independence and freedom of the Filipino People" (ibid.,p.200).Don Telesforo Canseco',the overseer of the Naik Friar Estate in his1897 memoirsclaimed that he have readthe letters of Fr.Pio Pi and Comenge and Aguinaldo's reply of demanding reforms. (see KPPC:20-211).

Fast forward-later part of 1897, in Biak na Bato,Bulacan, Aguinaldo asked the granting of reforms as a condition for the cessation of the revolution. (MGH:324)

APRIL 24

According to Aguinaldo,he recieved a letter from the town mayor of Indang, asking for help because Bonifacio and his soldiers sacked ("nilooban") the town and confiscated rice from its inhabitants. Former Bonifacio follower,Severino de las Alas requested troops from Aguinaldo to resist the Supremo.The people placed a canon in the middle of the town square (plaza) and armed the bolomen (tropang gulukan) in Indang to fight Bonifacio. Upon learning the people's preparations, Bonifacio fled to the hills of Limbon where he constructed trenches and batteries in all strategic entrances. (MGH:268)

APRIL 25:

THE ARREST OF THE BONIFACIO BROTHERS AND SKIRMISH BETWEEN SUPREMO'S .FOLLOWERS AND GOVERNMENT TROOPS

Aguinaldo ordered Colonels Agapito Bonzon,Ignacio Pawa and Felipe Topacio to pursue and arrest the Bonifacio brothers and bring them to Indang.They brought with them half battalion of soldiers. (MGH: 269)


APRIL 26

Andres Bonifacio and other prisoners were confined in the town tribunal and later transfered to the convent house of Indang. (MGH:272, error in Aguinaldo'printed memoirs where it appeared as "April 9",because he was narrating the events following April 25. )




APRIL-28 Naik ,Cavite to May 8-Cavite.
THE COURT-MARTIAL OF ANDRES AND PROCOPIO BONIFACIO AND OTHERS (see trial documents in PI: I, 304-330,MGH:275)

The composition of the COUNCIL OF WAR/MILITARY COURT: Gen.Mariano Noriel (Chairman)with Mariano Riego de Dios,Esteban Infante, Crisostomo Riel(?) Tomas Mascardo and Sulpicio de la Cruz (members); Col.Pantaleon Garcia *(Investigating Judge ); Lazaro Macapagal (Secretary)Jose Elises (Prosecuting Officer/Fiscal ).

Teodoro Gonzales and Placido Martinez, counsels for Andres and Procopio Bonifacio,respectively.

Note:
* A mystery in the trial of Bonifacio brothers.
Who was the real Investigating Judge ? In the records of the trial Col.PANTALEON GARCIA's name and signature appeared, but according to E.Aguinaldo the Investigating Judge (Juez Instructor) was Col.PEDRO LIPANA .Was Garcia's signature forged ? (MGH:275,see also his statement in RM : 308-309,311 ).




April 28-
Brig.Gen. Mariano Noriel in his letter to Pres. Aguinaldo ,qouted the report of Col.Agapito Bonzon regarding the incidents that happend when Bonifacio brothers were accused of resisting arrests and starting the gunfight with government troops . (PI :I, 304)

Emilio Aguinaldo instructed the formation of a court martial headed by a judge with the rank of colonel. (PI: I, 304-305)

Col. Pantaleon Garcia appointed as Investigating Judge.Maj.Lazaro Makapagal, Secretary of the Military Court. (PI,I,305)

APRIL.29-
Barracks of Naik. Benito Torres,Procopio Bonifacio testified in the military court.( Testimonies in PI: I,306-309)

APRIL 30-
Barracks of Naik. Nicolas Guzman , Rafael Non, Narciso Tiolo,Julian Aguila ,Cayetano Lopez ,Bibiano Roxas,Pedro Giron,Domingo Deulaso,Domingo San Juan and Gervasio Santiago gave their testimonies to the military court. (PI ; I, -319)

The testimony of PEDRO GIRON, the star witness of the case, proved to be damaging against Andres Bonifacio whom he accused of giving him ten pesos in order that he would carry out Bonifacio's wishes of "killing Aguinaldo " and denounced Bonifacio "recruiting men to resist the troops that were be going to be sent by this...(and)....he have plan to overthrow his (Aguinaldo's--D) authority..."(PI :I,316)

MAY2-10
Spanish troops led by Gov.Gen..Primo de Rivera captured the barrio Alalang,Fuerte Quintana,Naik,Amadeo, Indang, Mendez-Nunez, Alfonso and Maragondon. (EA:10)

May 4-
Town of Maragondon.Andres Bonifacio and his wife Gregoria de Jesus interrogated before the military court. (PI : I, 319-323)

Summary of Testimonies:
Andres Bonifacio: He does not know of a government supported by an army ;that it is not true that he ordered Giron to assasinate Aguinaldo.

Gregoria de Jesus:She does not know who started the fight and who fired the first shots; that there never was a meeting in in their house;she did not know that there is a president of the Government;that Bonifacio never give an order to attack the soldiers and Col. Agapito(Intong) Bonzon want to rape her which he failed to do so on account of the strong opposition among the soldiers.

The Investigating Judge (Pantaleon Garcia) filed the following report:that Bonifacio without any authority recruited soldiers and detained those who opposed his plans; that the first shots were fired by Ciriaco Bonifacio while Andres and Procopio fired their arms also;that it is not true that there exist no government presided over by Aguinaldo he being present in Tejeros election and he ordered Aguinaldo's execution based on Pedro Giron's testimony.(PR;I,323-324)

MAY 6-
On the second meeting of the Chairman and the members agreed with the findings of the Investigating Judge and recommended death sentence for the Bonifacio brothers.(PI:I,326-327)

MAY 7- Judge Advocate General Baldomero Aguinaldo,(Emilio's cousin) recommended "that the findings of the court martial be approved and its decision confirmed. "(PR:I.328)

MAY 8- Pres.Emilio Aguinaldo commuted the death sentence imposed to the Bonifacio brothers to 'incommunicado' life imprisonment and Benito Torres et.al will serve temporary imprisonment for one year to be served in their former barracks. (PR: 329)

The commuted sentence made known the counsels (Gonzales did not sign) and to the convicts (Andres did not sign the notification). (PR:I,330)

-Generals Pio del Pilar and Mariano Noriel advised Pres.Emilio Aguinaldo to withdraw the commuted sentence and asked him to imposed the death sentence beacuse they were a threat to his life ,the stability of the government and the unity within the revolutionary ranks.( MGH:288-289)


MAY 10- Andres and Procopio Bonifacio executed by a group of soldiers led by Maj.Lazaro Makapagal in the hills of Maragondon,Cavite. Spanish troops bombarded Maragondon. (MGH: 290, for the facsimile of Maj.Macapagal's account on the execution of Bponifacio brothers,see IT:*11-815)

MAY 11- BATTLE OF MARAGONDON. The town was attacked by 7,000 enemy soldiers and 180 Filipino government soldiers killed. Soldiers retreated to Mount Buntis.(ITP :633)

Aguinaldo and the revolutionary army fled to Talisay,Batangas ;went to Laguna,then to s San Mateo; escaped through Paliparan to Almanza and Muntinglupa;crossed the Pasig River with 500 men and camped at Malapad na Bato, Guadalupe.Then he marched towards San Juan del Monte ,Montalban and went his way to Mt.Puray.( TR:10-11 )

STATISTICS:
Spanish offensive :52 days
Casualties: 15 officers,168 men killed and 56 officers and 910 men wounded.(PI:I73)

Insurgent casualties: 3,450 men.(exaggerated ?)
(Source: PI:I,73)


JUNE 13
ASSEMBLY OF MT.PURAY.
In the camp of Gen..Licerio Geronimo in Mt.Puray ,one of former Bonifacio's 'real'/mountain fortress ,a meeting was held and the DEPARTAMENTAL GOVERNMENT OF CENTRAL LUZON was created , The following were elected officers ( ITP: 586-588) :

Fr. Pedro Dandan (Cavite) .............................President
Dr,Anastacio Francisco ( Manila).....................Vice President
Paciano Rizal (Laguna)...................................... Secretary of Treasury
Cipriano Pacheco (Rizal)................................... Secretary of War
Teodoro Gonzalez ( Rizal)................................. Secretary of Interior
Feliciano Jocson (Manila) ................................. Secretary of Welfare

Provincial Governors:

Antonio Montenegro............................................ Manila
Francisco Macabulos Soliman............................. Tarlac and Pampanga
Lino Viola ............................................................. Bulacan
Manuel Tinio.......................................................... Nueva Ecija
Paciano Rizal......................................................... Laguna

The Assembly designated the following as military commanders :

General Command of the Army of Central Luzon under Gen.Mamerto Natividad

Lt. Generals :Mariano Llanera and Licerio Geronimo

Division Generals : Mamerto Natividad, Melencio Carlos,
Simeon Tecson and Sinforoso de la Cruz

Brig,Generals: Isidro Torres, Francisco Macabulos Soliman,
Benito Natividad ,Tiburcio de Leon ,Hermogenes Bautista,
Julian Bautista, Andres Pacheco,Manuel Tinio,Tomas Tagunton
and Pablo Kabling ( Cabiling).

June 14-11:00 AM
BATTLE OF MT.PURAY,Aguinaldo delt a crushing victory over the enemy.(ITP; 589-597)

JULY 2

Gov.Promo de Rivera issued a decree restricting the movement /travel of town people.(MCR:9)

JULY __

Aguinaldo issued a proclamation addressed "To the Brave Sons of the Philippines.He ordered the revolutionists to adopt "the Cuban plan of ambush and guerilla warfare...The war must be prolong ...so that Spain may be compelled to grant our demands (reforms---D)"that ends which we shall ardently desires " ,not ot total independence that Bonifacio and the Katipunan aspired.(MCR:10-11)

JULY___

Aguinaldo issued another proclamation contrary to one cited above .Inasmuch as Spain will not head the Filipinos legal appeal for reforms he wrote " To arms ,Filipinos,To arms my brothers"

and went back to the original purpose of the revolution "we aspire to have the glory of obtaining liberty,independence and honor for the country." (MCR: 12-13)

THE REVOLUTION BETRAYED:THE CAPITULATION "AGREEMENT OF BIAK NA BATO "

AUG.9
Pedro A.Paterno present himself unexpectively in Aguinaldo's headquarters at Biak na bato,Bulacan.He offered his service as Aguinaldo's emissary to deal with Spanish authorities "for the termination of this fatricidal struggle by a convention of peace which is bound to assure the prosperity of our beloved country".( PI: I;357-348)

Aguinaldo appointed Paterno to represent him in the negotiations and gave the following terms:(1As the Chief of the Revoliutionary Army he should receive 3,000,000 pesos in pecuniary compensation:(2) compensation for properties destroyed during the revolution and (3) reforms-safeguards against friar oppression and Philippine representation in the Spanish Parliament,

(RM:23)

AUG.31
Gregorio del Pilar attacked the convent of Paombong,Bulacan.


Oct.16-
Gov.Gen.Primo de Rivera issued a decree calling for two kinds of native volunteers:Local and mobilized.The local volunteers were to be employed for the defense of their towns while the mobilized volunteers were to be incorporated with regular troops. (PI: I,77)

OCT.22

HONG KONG JUNTA formed.

OCT.28

ASSEMBLY OF FIELD COMMANDERS AT BIAK NA BATO.

GEN. MAMERTO NATIVIDAD ,led the "war party" that voted to continue the struggleand continue the revolution to the bitter end.(MCR:14)


NOV.1
Promulgation of the PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION OF BIAK NA BATO, drafted by ISABELO ARTACHO and FELIX FERRER.(HP:39) Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho copied the contents of the Cuban Constitution of 1895 and pass off as their original work. (MCR:14)

The Constitution of Biak na Bato's Preamble acknowledged that Philippine independence "has been the end sought by the revolution.It provided for the creation of a Supreme Council headed bt a president supported by his cabinet;Tagalog as the national language and a Bill of Rights.(MCR:15)

( For the list of the signers of the provisional constitution see.... HP: 40 footnote )

NOV.2

The officers of the Supreme Council was elected: Emilio Aguinaldo (President); mariano Trias (vice President);Antonio Montenegro(Secretary of Foriegn Affairs;Isabelo Artacho (Secretary of Interior);Emiliano Roego de Dios(Secretary of War) and Baldomero aguinaldo(Secretary of Treasury) (HP:41)

NOV.11
Gen.Mamerto Natividad ,Commander in Chief of Central Luzon, died during the capture of Cabiao,Nueva Ecija.He was one of the leaders of the revolution who were against any concessions with the Spaniards. (HP;43)



Dec.14 -15

The Biak na Bato " Peace Agreement " signed by Gov.Gen.de Rivera (representing Spain) and Pedro Paterno (representing the revolutionists ). (HP:43)

Zafra summarized the provisions of the agreement:"(1) payment of 800,000 dollars to the revolutionists ,of which 400,000 dollars was to be paid upon the departure of Aguinaldo and his companions to Hong Kong; (2) payment of 900,000 dollars to those who suffered from the war;(3)surrender of firearms by the revolutionists;(4)grant of general amnesty by the Spanish government." (PHTSS:232)



DEC.16
Through a proclamation , Aguinaldo announced that he approved the programme presented by Paterno and declared that those who disobey his orders to lay down their arms have no right to call themeselves revolutionaries ,can not recieve any benifit or charities forthcoming under the agreement and branded them as 'tulisanes' or bandits. (PI: I,414)

DEC.25

Aguinaldo in his speech before he left for Hong Kong delivered a speech wherein he stated the reason for the cessation of the revolution:" I lay down my arms because continuing the war(the revolution---D), will produce turmoil and evil ,in place of happiness".He praised Gov.Gen.Primo de Rivera,who filled with love four our dear country (Spain---D) inagurated an era of peace;and described Pedro Paterno, the peace negotiator,as a "lover of the well being of our native land" .He concluded his speech with the shout of " Viva Espana,Viva Filipinas".

DEC.29-Aguinaldo and other exiles arrived in Hong Kong.

DEC.30
First anniversary of Rizal's martyrdom observed by Hong Kong exiles.(HP:47)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHC- Unabia,Teresita. Cavite's Historical Calendar. Dasmarinas, Cavite.1997

DPP- Kalaw, Maximo.The Development of Philippine Politics.1926.Reprinted Quezon City.

1986

HCP-Fernandez,Pablo. History of the Church in the Philippines (1521-1898).San Juan,Metro Manila.1988

HP- Kalaw,Teodoro. Ang Himagsikang Pilipino.Manila.1989 (Filipino translation of "La Revolucion Filipina".

*ITP- Ronquillo y Valdez, Carlos. Ilang talata Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolucion) nang 1896-1897. Ed. by Isagani R.Medina. Quezon City.1996

*KPPC- Canseco, Don Telesforo.Kasaysayan ng Paghihimagsik ng mga Pilipino sa Cavite(1897).

Translated in Pilipino with Spanish original text of "Histpria de la Insurrection Filipina en Cavite(1897). Quezon City.1999

*KR- Alvarez, Santiago V. The Katipunan and the Revolution:Memoirs of a General.with the Original Tagalog Text.Translated by Paula Carolina S.Malay. Quezon City.1992

MCR- Agoncillo,Teodoro A. Malolos :The Crisis of the Republic.Quezon City.1997 Ed.

*MGAR. Ricarte Artemio. Memoirs of Gen.Artemio Ricarte. Manila.1992

*MGH- Aguinaldo,Emilio.Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan.Manila.1998

*PHTSS- Zafra,Nicolas. Philippine History Through Selected Sources.Quezon City 1967

*PI- Taylor,John R.M. Philippine Insurrection Against the United States.Pasay City.1971

*TR- de los Santos,Efifanio.The Revolutionists:Aguinaldo. Bonifacio .Jacinto.Manila.1973

Note: * Primary Sources/contains historical documents

THE BOOK OF PHILIPPINE KEY FACTS: 1896 (Part I of the Revolution of 1896-1897)

YEAR: 1896 SOCIETY: Statistics: Population subject to Spain: 6,261,339 (RFN :I,568 citing Gazeteer ) Total Spanish Troops in the Philippines from August 21 1896 -January 20,1897: Spanish officers and men -28,463 Native officers and men- 14,654 ( Source: PI : I,265) Members of the Katipunan at the Outbreak of the Revolution: from 15,000-45,000 - ( de los Reyes : 45) )Source:DPP: 77 fn. between 100,000- 400,00 (Le Roy : I,85) ) POLITICS January 1- The first ussue of the "Kalayaan"(Freedom/Independence), the official organ of the Katipunan released. (DPP:74) January 20- Barcelona, Spain.Death of Graciano Lopez Jaena ,orator and journalist. First editor of "La Solidaridad",official organ of Filipino reformist expatriates in Europe. May 3, 1896- KATIPUNAN PASIG ASSEMBLY at the residence of Valentin Cruz presided by Supremo Andres Bonifacio and attended by Katipuneros from the towns of Santa Ana, Mandaluyong, San Pedro Makati, Taguig,Pasig and the province of Cavite. Bonifacio informed the assembly that the secrets of the Katipunan was betrayed in the confessional by three women,wives of Katipunan members,two are from Tondo and the third from Santa Ana and he ended his speech "What is your decision?Shall we rise in revolt now?". Emilio Aguinaldo ,Santiago Alvarez and Benigno Santi ,all from Cavite objected due to lack of arms annd the consequences of defeat are terrifying. May 4- 2:00 A,M- continuation of the Pasig Assembly. It was agreed upon to sent a delegation to sent Dr.Pio Valenzuela as secret envoy of the Katipunan to enlist Rizal to favour the revolution. (KR:9-13) July 4- Barcelona,Spain.Death of MARCELO H.del PILAR.. July 5- Lt. MANUEL SITYAR of the Spanish Civil Guard stationed in Pasig sent a confidential information about the growth and expansion of a secret subersive organization. ( HP : 10 ) August 13- Fr.AGUSTIN FERNANDEZ of Makati reported to the authorities about secret meetings of seperatists. (HP:11) August 19- ( A.M )- THE SECRETS OF KATIPUNAN BETRAYED.Teodoro Patino, a Katipunan member revealed the existence of the Katipunan to his younger sister and the Mother Portress of the Orphan Assylum in Mandaluyong. ( 6:15 p.m) Patino betrayed the secrets of the Katipunan to Fr. Mariano Gil,parish priest of Tondo. Katipunan paraphernalia and documents found in the printing press of "Diario de Manila". Mass arrests follows. (Min.:123-124) August 21- 10:00 p.m . Meeting house of Vidal Acab presided by Supremo Andres Bonifacio aided by Emilio Jacinto (Secretary) and Dr. Pio Valenzuela (Prosecutor),Among those who attended were Aguedo del Rosario, Ramon Bernardo,Romualdo Vicencio,Teodoro Plata,Pantaleon Torres,Ariston de Jesus,Jose Dizon and Severino Baltazar, the incumbent town mayor of Caloocan. (MK:17) 11:00 P.M- 2:00 A.M- Rain. Trek to the house of Apolonio Samson in Pook Kankong,Balintawak,Caloocan. Bonifacio with no less than 300 men armed with bolos,spears,daggers.a dozen of small revolvers and a hunting rifle. (MK:18) After dining with his cousin,he ( Dr.Pio Valenzuela---D) was told by a druggist that "a man in civilian clothes,who appeared to be a soldier called at his home (in Buenavides St., Divisoria---D) annd inqiure abpout him".( PVT in MK.:148 ) August 22- Katipunan headquarter on San Jose corner of Azcarraga Drive (now C.M.Recto Ave.) abandoned.Katipuneros escaped at the hills of Daang Toro,Caloocan.(HI:1) Andres Bonifacio and other Katipunan leaders " under the care and protection of Katipunan Chapter in Caloocan ".(MK:16 ) AM- At 6 Magdalena St.Tondo,Manila. Josefa Dizon ,mother of Emilio Jacinto told Dr.Valenzuela that her spn and Andres Bonifacio,fled the city to evade arrest and advised him to go into hiding.(PVT in Min.: 148) PM-Dr.Valenzuela took a coach going to Polo,Bulacan. 8:00 PM- When he reached Caloocan,his coach was stopped and some one told him that Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto wanted to talk to him. (PVT in MK.: 148) 11:00 pm- Dr.Valenzuela met the outlaw "Laon" who detained and forced persons passing through to become members of the Katipunan. (PVT in MK: 148) Aug.23- Pook Bahay Toro,Balintawak , Caloocan at the house yard and warehouse of Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora),more tha 500 men gathered,she"opened her granary annd have plenty of rice pounded and animals slaughtered to feed us", wrote Santiago Alvarez. (MK:19) The Katipunan general uprising was decided at the general assembly held at the yard of Melchora Aguino (Tandang Sora/Old Woman Sora). ( PVTUS in MK.:238) Aug.24-Katipunan meeting at Pook Kankong, Balintawak ,Caloocan attended by more tha 1,000 men voted to start the uprising on the midnight of 29 August 1896. Brigider generals were appointed to capture Manila:Aguedo del Rosario ,Ramon Bernardo,Gregorio Coronel to take the offensive and converged inside the walled city (Intramuros ,Manila). (MK:19-20) The inaguration of the REPUBLIKA NG KATAGALUGAN (Republic of the Katagalugan/ Philippines).War Cabinet composed of: Andres Bonifacio ----- President Emilio Jacinto---------Secretary of State Teodoro Plata---------Secretary of War Briccio Pantas------- Secreatary of Justice Enrique Pacheco------Secretary of Finance Aguedo del Rosario ----Secreatry of Administration Silverio Baltazar -------General Treasurer The formation of the Katipunan Army. The following were appointed "Jefes Generales"( Generals in Chief ): Guillermo Masangkay Aguedo del Rosario Apolonio Samson Emilio Jacinto Alejandro Santiago Pio Valenzuela Tomas Remigio Lucino ( Luciano San Miguel ? ) August 25-2:00 P.M- Katipuneros engaged the Spanish troops between Pook Kankong and Bahay Toro,Balintawak . Caloocan, a non combatant youth was killed. (MK:20) (P.M, Balintawak ,Caloocan)-Bonifacio gathered the members of the Supreme Council ,and appointed Teodoro Plata, general-in-chief;Emilio Jacinto and Aguedo del Rosario,generals of division and Pio Valenzuela, chief surgeon. (MK,150) Dr.Valenzuela left Balintawak to induce the town peoples of Montalban and San Mateo to join the general uprising. August 26- Skirmish in Pasong Tamo,Caloocan.Bonifacio appointed Gregorio Tapalla (Matandang Leon),a former bandit to led the troops. Among those killed was Tapalla and a Lieutenant Manuel,flag and the valise containing the funds of the Katipunan was left. Bonifacio escaped at a site between Balara and Krus -na-Ligas ( now part of the Univ.of the Philippines). (MK:20-21) Aug.27 Dr.Valenzuela in Mariquina. August 28 - Daylight. From Mariquina ,Dr.Pio Valenzuela reached Escolta,Manila as far as Pasaje de Perez where he embarked in a lake steamer going to Binang, Laguna.He call on the house of Don Silvino Manalo, a native cleric,where he recieved a copy of Gov.Gen.Ramon Blanco's proclamation of amnesty. (PVT in MK.:150-151) Bundok ng Kalayaan /Sitio Balakbak,Mandaluyong. Andres Bonifacio issued a proclamation on the start of the revolution by simoultaneous attack on Manila (Intramuros) and the Katipuneros to attack their respective towns and free their brethren that were imprisoned and suffering from torture. Aug.29- Malacanang Palace,Manila. Dr.Pio Valenzuela, surrendered himself to Governor General Blanco. ( PVT in MK : 151) Aug.29-30 - Bonifacio led the Katipunan simultaneous attack on Manila (Intramuros/Walled City) . The Start of the Revolution against Spain. August 30- Gov.Gen.Ramon Blanco issued a decree placing the provinces of Manila,Bulacan,Pampanga,Nueva Ecija,Ratlac,Laguna,Cavite and Batangas under martial law. "Batalion de los Voluntarios Leales"( Batallion of Loyal Volunteers) compost mostly of members of "Sociedad de Tiro de Manila"( Manila Shooters Society) forme to safeguard Spanish interests in the Philippines. ( AKM: 58) August 31 (Cavite) (San Francisco de Malabon,Cavite,between 10 and 11:00 A.M ) Katipuneros of the Magdiwang Council led by Artemio Ricarte,a school teacher,captured the town hall and its barracks. (RM : 8-9 ) Mariano Alvarez,the founder and President of the Magdiwang Council led the rebels capture the town hall of Novaleta (KR:39) 3:00 P.M- Municipal mayor Emilio Aguinaldo annd Candido Tirona of the Magdalo Council ,captured the tribunal of Cavite Viejo (Kawit). August 31- Twenty two prisoners died of suffocation in Fort Santiago. Sept.2- BATTLE OF BACOOR ,Cavite. Emilio Aguinaldo met his first defeat . (CHC:62) Sept.3- BATTLE OF IMUS,Cavite . Emilio Aguinaldo defeated Spanish troops under Gen. Ernesto Aguirre. (CH:63) Sept.4- Spanish government ordered the first executions. Sept.12- Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite " executed. (HP ;16) Sept.16- Twenty two prominent persons of Manila imprisoned in Fort Santiago.,among them were : Telesporo Chuidian, Mariano Limjap, Luis R. Yanco, Lorenzo del Rosario, Ambrosio Salvador ,Bonifacio Arevalo, Maximo Paterno, Ambrosio Rianzarez Bautista,Nazario Constatino, Antonio Salazar, Juan Luna, Dr.Jose Luna, Isidro Soto Villaruel, Dr.Felipe Zamora, Numeriano Adriano , Ambrosio Flores, Dr.Jose Albert,Isaac Fernando Rios,Marcelino de los Santos and Rosario Villaruel. (HP:17-19) Oct.31- Gen.Emilio Aguinaldo issued a manifesto addressed "To the Filipino People"calling for a creation of a revolutionary government declaring the real purpose of of the revolution:Liberty and Independence.(DPP:78 ) Nov.3 Dr.Rizal arrived in manila aboard ship "Colon". Heavily guaded,he was transferred to Fort Santiago and held "incumunicado". Nov.9-11- BATTLE OF BINAKAYAN and DALAHIKAN,Cavite . Four attempts of the Sapniards to capture fort of Dalahikan failed.Magdiwang trops led by Gen. Santiago Alvarez( KR:63-64) Nov.10- Battle of Binakayan- Death of CANDIDO TRIA TIRONA.(CHC:77) Nov.11- Battleof Binakayan.Gen.Emio Aguinaldo defeated Spanish forces under Gov.Gen.Ramon Blanco.(CHC:78) Nov.3- Rizal arrived in Manila aboard 'Colon',he was closely guarded ,tranferred to Fort Santiago and held 'incommunicado. (JR, :338-339) Dec.3- Arrival of CAMILO de POLAVIEJA, who succeeded Ramon Blanco,as governor-general on Dec.13.(JR:345) Dec 14- Executions in Tarlac. Dec.17- Andres Bonifacio,the Supreme President of the Katagalugan /Filipinas,arrived in Cavite.He stayed at the house of Juan Castaneda at Imus (KR :67) Dec.18- Emilio Aguinaldo,Baldomero Aguinaldo,Daniel Tirona,Vicente Fernandez and others paid their respect to Supreme President Andres Bonifacio.The Supremo ordered the arrest of Fernandez for insubordination . His order ignored by the above mentioned Magdalo Council officers. Dec.15- (Fort Santiago ) Rizal presented to the court martial a manifesto which condemned the revolution as"absurd and savage uprising ploted behind my back,which dishonors the Filipino" and he advised the rebels to "return to your homes..." ( full text in JR :346-347).The manifesto's publication was opposed by court auditor De la Pena. DEC.26- (Cuartel de Espana,Fort Santiago) Rizal faced the Council of War presided by Lt.Col.jose Tagores with six captains of different arms.Beside him was his lawyer Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade. The trial started with the reading of accusations against Rizal,followed by the defense by Lt. Andrade. Rizal read his arguments as addition to his defense. After a short deliberation the council found Rizal guilty of "the crimes of rebellion,sedition and illegal association...and hereby condemned to death...annd pay to the State an indemnity of P 100,000.00..."(JR.349-355) December 30- (7:00 A.M ,Bagumbayan Field now Rizal Park)-JOSE P.RIZAL EXECUTED by a firing squad composed of eight native soldiers belonging to regiment no.70 ( JR :369-371 394;FF:415) Dec.31- IMUS ASSEMBLY(Cavite)- The Magdiwang and Magdalo Councils met to unify the province under one leadership. Instead the Magdalo Council in the person of Baldomero Aguinaldo advocated the establishment of a revolutionary goverment to replace the Katipunan and submitted a constitution drafted by a foriegn educated engineer Edilberto Evangelista. Capitan Emilio Aguinaldo proposed to head the revolutionary government because "Evangelista was the best educated"in contrast with self educated Andres Bonifacio,the Supreme President of the Katipunan.The meeting was stormy ,accomplished nothing and was adjourned because of the arrival of Paciano Rizal,the hero's brother and Josephine Bracken, Dr.Rizal's widow. ( MGAR:25-27 , PAR :182-184) Reorganization of two Provincial Councils in Cavite followed 'as some of of the towns were cleared of the Civil Guards': I. Sangguniang Bayan Magdiwang (Magdiwang Provincial Council ) Officers: (Source:MGAR :13) Mariano Alvarez ........................President Pascual Alvarez...........................Vice President Emiliano Riego de Dios...............Minister of Commerce Mariano trias Closas ..................Minister of Welfare and Justice Ariston Bautista ......................... Minister of War Diego Mojica .................................Minister of Finance Santiago Alvarez .........................Captain General and General in Chief Mariano Alvarez..........................) Artemio Ricarte )Brigader Generals II. Sanguniang Bayan Magdalo (Magdalo Provincial Council) (Source: MGH:130 ) Pangulo (Presidente).................. Baldomero Aguinaldo Secretario de Guerra.................. Candido Tirona Secretario de Hacienda.............. Cayetano Topacio Secretario de Formento ........... Glicerio Topacio Secretario de Justicia ............... Sixto Espinosa Teniente General en Jefe Abanderado ................ Emilio Aguinaldo Note: Gen.Artemio Ricarte listed Emilio Aguinaldo as Captain General and General of the jurisdiction of the Sangguniang bayan Magdalo; Edilberto Evangelista ( Lt. General) and Vito Belarmino and Crispulo Aguinaldo (Brig.Generals). (MGAR: 13)