PHIL.BOOK OF FACTS: AMERICAN OCCUPATION AND THE RISE OF THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC of 1898

JANUARY 3-U.S Commodore GEORGE DEWEY assumes command of U.S Naval Asiatic Squadron based in Nagasaki,Japan.(JKE:116) JANUARY 25- U.S battleship MAINE in Havana Harbor,Cuba isuppose to be in a goodwill mission but its real mission was to protect U.S citizens and their properties. (JKE:xxvi) FEB.9- slanderous letter of Spanish diplomat printed in Hearst's New York Journal.(JKE:xxvi) FEB.15- Maine mysteriously blown in Havana Harbor.Ignited SPANISH AMERICAN WAR. FEB.25- Acting Secretary of the Navy THEODORE ROOSEVELT ordered Admiral Dewey to prepare to attack Spanish ships in the Philippines in case war with Spain will broke up . MAY 1- Admiral Dewey destroyed antiquated Spanish fleet in the BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.(JKE:116) MAY 19- Pres.McKinley issued instructions to Gen.W.Merritt.He reminded Merrit of the twofold objectives of the military expedition in the Philippines:the reduction of Spanish powerand of giving order andsecurity to the (Philippine) islands. He also ordered him to publish a proclamation declaring that the United States came "not to make war with the people of the Philippines ..but to protect them in their homes,in their employements,and in their personal and religious rights...Private property...is to be respected..".(CWS:Vol.II,677) Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines from Hong Kong. MAY 21-Second .Asst.Sec.of State to Secretary of War: There are 21,000 Spanish troops in the Philippines ,all but 1,000 stationed in Manila .Advised that large supply of rifles to be distributed to the Filipino "insurgent allies" (CWS:Vol.II;665) MAY 29-Military forces to be sent to the Philippines increased to 20,000 men.(CWS:Vol.II,680) JUNE 4- Henry Peobody and Company based in Boston,Massachussetts,with 8 years close bussiness relations in Manila submitted intelligence data regarding the climate, health,location of Manila; concentration and distrinution of Spanish troops in the Philippines and the morale of native soldiers:" that they have no particular love for the Spaniards...they fight under Spanish rule with outmost valor so long as they think the spanis are invincible.."(CWS:Vol .II,690-691).JUNE 11-H.C.Corbin,Adjutant General to Maj.Gen.W.Merritt:"One hundred thousand dollars ($100,000.00) appropriation for contigencies of the Army,available for your use." (CWS:698)JUNE 12- DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE in Kawit,Cavite.,Aguinaldo sought recognition of foriegn powers.(CWS:Vol.II787) JUNE 14-Corbin to Merritt."You should have full 20,000 (men),or even more,if required."(CWS:Vol,II 700).JUNE 15-The transports Zelandia,China,Colon,and Senator sailed at 1:45 p.m under the command of Gen.F.V.Green.(CWS:Vol.II,p.701).JUNE 18-Lt.Slocum in Lisbon, Portugal cabled the U.S Adjutant general that five Spanish auxillary cruisers with 4,000 men sailed for China Sea.(CWS:Vol.II,p.705) JUNE 27-"the ships Indiana,Citry of Para,Morgan,Ohio sailed at @p.m ,Gen.(Arthur ) MacArthur in command." (CWS:Vol.II,715) JUNE 29-"Three expeditions embarkedc for Philippines":First expedition.115 officers and 2,386 enlisted men;second expedition.158 officers and 3,428 enlisted men under Gen.Green and third expedition,197 officers and 4,650 men under Gen.Arthur MacArthur. (CWS:Vol.II,716-715) JULY 6- William day of the Dept.of State,transmitted Consul O.F Williams report dated May 12 on native reactions towards Americans:that they were friendly to him as American representatives;some (the elites ?) expressed that they hope American or Britain would acquire the islands; natives show suffered heavy casulaties but fought with civlity,avoided cruelties and barbarities in contrast with the Spaniards who killed many non combatants.He also mentioned that filipino leader a major Gonzales with 37,000 soldiers,surrounded Manila,captured the railroad lines and the Pasig River,cutting off Spanish supply lines while the Americans cut off the supply by bay and sea "to starve Manila into surrender."(CWS:Vol.II 718-719)

JULY 9-Aguinaldo who was declared president and dictator has about 15,000 men in Cavite,but only 11,000 armed. Gen.Merritt feared that he will try to take Manila without American assistance and became a thret to America's plan to establish a provisional government.(CWS:Vol.II778)

JULY 25-Gen.WESLEY MERRITT arrived in the Philippines and took command of the U.S Expdetionary Forces in the Philippines.(JKE:5) JULY 31-Cardinal Rampolla of Rome coveyed to Mons.Martenelli,Apostolic Delegate of Washington D.C,the popeordered him to take steps at once to have the U.S government prevent prevent the execution of monks held by the rebels in Cavite.U.S government responded by ordering Gen.Merritt that such executions should not be pemitted he is in aposition to prevent such tragic event to happend.(CWS:Vol.II,743) AUGUST 1-Merrit to Adjutant General:"Situation difficult'Insurgents announced independent government ;some are unfriendly,fearing they will not be permtted to enter Manila with my troops.Will join Dewey in note demanding surrender,with assurance of protection from insurgents ( they will be prevented from entering Manila---D).It may be important have my whole force before attacking if necessary to hold insurgents while we fight Spanish,"(CWS:Vol.II,743) AUGUST 12- A protocol was signed between Spain and the United States . The one of the terms of the protocol provided that "(3) Ther United States will occupy and hold the city,bay,harbor of Manila,pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace which shall determine the control,disposition and the government of the Philippines." (For the full text see CWS:Vol.II,750-751) Pres.William Mackinley sent a copy of his Proclamation dated August 12 to Gen.Merritt and ordered him to suspend hostilities and " abstain from all acts inconsistent whith the Proclamation."(ibid.) AUGUST 13- half hour shelling of Manila (Walled City).American land forces under generals MacArthur,Green and Anderson attacked Manila. American suffered around fifty casualties.U.S troops occupied Malate,Binondo,walled city San Miguel. (CWS:Vol.II,754) AUGUST 15-MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA.Consul Wildman of Hong Kong to SEc.DAy: Dewey bombarded Manila and the city surrendered unconditionally. (CWS:Vol.II,752) AUGUST 17-Adjutant Gen.Corbin to Maj,Gen,Merritt:U.S must protect the citizens and properties in Manila and "there must be no joint occupation of Manila and Filipino insurgents must recognize the military occupation and authority of the United States."(CWS:Vol.II.754)AUGUST 20- The terms of CAPITULATION of MANILA ,among the provisions were: (1)Spanish,European and native soldiers to bbe treated with all honors of war ,(2)public propertiesbe turned over to the staff officers designated by the Ubited States (3) Manila,its inhabitants and their properties ,educational and religious establihments put under the protection of the American army.(CWS:Vol.Ii,756-757) .AUGUST 27-GEN.Merritt repoted :About 10,000 armed Filipinos near manila and suburbsFilipinos and their leaders were friendly.Their leaders were mostly men of education and ability.(CWS:Vol.II 767)

SEPTEMBER 3-Filipino insurgents behind American lines.Aguinaldo played delaying tactics in respond to to Merritt's insistence on withdrawing Filipino forces..Gen.Otis described the large part of insurgent army resentful and desired hostilities against American troops and force may be used to eject them in which event may result to war. (CWS:Vol.II ,786)

SEPTEMBER 7-Copy of Gen.Otis' letter to Aguinaldo furnished to the U.S Adjutant General :

Merritt threatened Aguinaldo that he would use force against the Filipino mforces if they would not withdraw their forces in Manila and suburbs.(CWS:Vol.II788-789) SEPT.15-Filipino forces complied with the American demands to withdrawits orces in Manila and surrounding areas,Some insurgent leadersin outlaying districts disobeyed .(CWS:Vol.II,790)

THE BIRTH OF THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC: 1898

l

THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE PHILIPPINES :

MAGELLAN'S EXPEDITION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Mar 16- midday Magellan reached the island of Zamal (Samar). ( VM: 30,32)

Mar18- Samar native fishermen(frum Suluan) described by Pigafetta as "rational people", Magelan gave them food and drink,red caps,mirrors,combs,bells,ivory,bocasin and other things. in return the natives gave the crews "some fish, a jar of palm wine (tuba) and bananas".( VM:32) From their ship they saw the island of Zuluan (Suluan),and the natives were from Humunu (Homonhon)(VM:34). The natives of Suluan took Magellan to their ships ,and "show him all their goods,cloves,cinnamon,pepper, ginger,nutmeg,mace,gold and everyting they had in their ships."( VM:34)

NOTE: Because Magellan reached the Philippines on St,Lazarus Day

(March 16) he named it Archipelago of St.Lazarus .(MV:35)

March 25- Magellan's ships "took a west soutwest course among the islands of Cenalo(Dinagat?), Huinanghan (Cabugan),Hibussson (Gibuson) and Abarien (Cabalarian)."

(MV:36)

March 26-Morning. They were met by a small boat with eight warriors.Enrique de Malacca "addressed them in Malay dialect and to magellan's astonishment,the men appeared to understand him and replied in the same language." (OEW:140)

Magellan met two huge boats full of men with Butuan ruler,Kolambu who preferred to stay in his boat (balanghai).Enrique ,Magellan's slave spoke to the king and understood him.Magellan politely refuse the king's gifts of a bar of gold and a basketful of ginger. Magellan's ship anchored near the king's hut for the night," as a symbol of newfound alliance."(OEW:243)

March 28- Good Friday.The King of in Magellan's ship.The king gave him a "jar covered with leaves, full of uncooked rice"two large dories and other things".Magellan gave them gifts:for the king,a robe of red and yellow cloth and a red cap;and for his men; knives and mirrors.(NV:38).There was an exhibition of the European fire power and weapons.(VM:38,40)Pigafetta listed the names of the kings of Butuan ( Colambo) and Calaghan/Caraga (Siagu ) (MV:43) March 30- Butuan.First recorded Catholic Mass celebrated in Philippine soil.

April 7- Magellan reached the port of Zubu(Cebu).passed many villages,houses on tree trunks.

Pigafetta recorded that four days before their arrival a junk from Ciama loaded with gold and slaves aarived in Cebu and paid tribute to the king . Blood compact between Magellan and rajah of Cebu.( MV:Ch.XXI)

April 8(?)- Magellan and the King of Cebu performed the "Blood Compact" (NV:53) Magellan preached the king on the Catholic doctrines .

March 30. Butuan.First mass celebrated.

April 14 -Two kings of Cebu and Mazaua and five hundred men baptized.The former was named Charles, after the Holy Roman Emperor and ;the later named Juan (MV:64);After the dinner the queen was baptized and named Johanna,after the Emperor's mother and her daughter and the wife of the prince was named Katherine. The queen of Mazana was baptized and named Elizabeth. They were baptized along with 40 women.(MV:65- 66 )

April 26- The son of Zula,one of the chiefs of Mattan (Mactan) told Magellan that Cilapulapu , (Lapulapu),another chief of the said island"dod not want to obey the King of Spain". Midnight,Magellan left Cebu with sixty armored men with the king of Cebu and some chieftains in twenty or thirty boats.

April 27 - Three hours before daybreak reached .Magellan was among those killed in the BATTLE of MACTAN.(MV:75-79)

Duarte Barbosa and Joan Serrano,appointed as commanders of the expedition.

Barbosa, mistreatment of Enrique made him plot a conspiracy with the king of Cebu to seize the ships.Crew who went ashore were massacared.(MV: MMCh.XXVIII )

THE SURVIVORS ' VOYAGE :

After Magellan's death and the Cebu massacare,the survivors sailed to the island of BOHOL,reach Pailonghon/Panglao where they met dark skinned natives "as in Ethiopia" (Negritos)under the ruler Rajah Calanaoa.Pigafetta noted that " the greatest commodity in that island is abundance of gold." ( MV :Ch.XXIX)

Survivors in Palaoan(Palawan) replenished their supply with Palawan produce. Recorded for the first time cockfighting in the Philippines.(MV: XXXI)

June 21- Survivors left Palawan, met three large boats and captured three Arab pilots instead of guiding them to Mollucas,they directed the ships to Brunei,a Muslim stronghold.(OEW:320)

July 9- After Spaniards fired at proas and captured the

PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY

I. ORIGIN OF PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO A . Legendary Origin-Quarrel between the Sky and the Sea B. Geologic Origin II. THEORIES ON THE PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES: A. Legendary origin : 1.Sicalac and Sicavay 2.Malakas and Maganda B. Theories on the Peopling of Asia : 1. Out of Africa Theory (WP 2d ed.:288) 2. Multilinear/ Multiregional Model or Regional Continuity Theory (PE : 100) C.Fossil Remains / Proof of Earliest Humans in N.E Asia and SE Asia( PE.:106 ; WP 2nd ed.:1 -9) 1.

THE BOOK OF PHILIPPINE FACTS: 1897 (Part 2 of the Revolution of 1896-1897)

YEAR 1897



THE SPANISH OFFENSIVE UNDER POLAVIEJA

By FEB.1-
Spain transported to the Philippines 15 battalions of infantry, 4 battalions of marine infantry.
Those sent were young recruits -mostly boys betwwen 18 or 19 years old. (PI; I,71)

FEB. 7-Gov.Gen.Camilo de Polavieja organized the following commands and were stationed as follows:

Division of Laguna,Batangas and Tayabas under Maj.Gen.Lacambre .His personal
commnands were composed of 1,363 men. His three brigades were as folows:

First Brigade -Brig.Gen. Cornel:4,001 men.Headquarters at Calamba,Laguna.

Second Bigade -Brig.Gen.Marina Vega:3,913 men.Headquarters at Binang,Laguna.

Third Brigade -Brig,Gen.Jaramillo : 1,645 men and 2 guns. Headqurters at Taal,
Batangas. With detachments along the line Lian-Taal,which amounted to 1,095
men.

Fourth Brigade-ubder Brig.Gen.Galbis.Composed of 100 cavalry,5,869 infantry,
14 guns and was extended along the northern bank of the Zapote River.Bay and Taal
lakes guarded by launches and small crafts and gunboats patrolled the seacosts.


Brig.Gen.de los Rios held Cavite and Dalahican with a force of about 3,812 infantry
and 100 cavalry.

Maj.Gen.Zappino held Manila and Morong provinces with 2,754 infantry,216 heavy
artillary,the Manila volunteers and the civil guards of the provinces.


FEB.8

Provinces north of manila pacified by the Spanish troops.Gov.Gen.Polavieja planned a multi pronged attack on Cavite and the southern Tagalog region.(BB:54)




FEB.14
Gov.Gen.Camilo de Polavieja,who relieved Blanco of command,bivoouacked at Paranaque anf led the military operation against the rebels in Cavite.(TR:9)

FEB.15
Spanish troops under Gen.Galbis took Pamplona. (PI: I,73)

FEB.17
Gen. Edilberto Evangelista , an engineering graduate of the University of Ghent ,was among those brave Filipinbo defenders waho fell fighting heroically at the trenches in the BATTLE OF ZAPOTE BRIDGE. According to Apolinario Mabini Evangelista "took charge of the construction of trenches and other field fortifications which gave much trouble to the Spanish forces."(PHSS:320)


FEB.19-
Gen.Lacambre with Cornel's and Marina Vega brigades took Silang,Cavite. (PI: I,72)
Gen.Lacambre captured Damarinas,Cavite ,defended in person by Aguinaldo(PI:I,73)
Brig,Gen. Jaramillo took Bayuyungan and droved the rebels to Batangas. (PI,73)


FEB.28
EXECUTION OF SPANISH PRIEST PRISONERS
Boundery line between Naik and Maragondon. 6:00 p.m .The following Spanish priests priests were shot upon the oral order of Andres Bonifacio:Agapito Echecgoyen,Recollect parish priests of Amadeo; Domingo Cardenas, Agustinian priest of Talisay;Antonio Piernevieja,
Agustinian and an Augustinian brother ,administrator of the hacienda at Buenavista. After the execution,the crowd shouted:"Mabuhay ang Lahing Tagalog!" (Long Live the Tagalog Race!)
(KPPC :196-199)

According to Telesforo Canseco(a pro-friar chronicler),who was also detained in Buenavista,the priests suffered maltreatment at the hands of the revolutionists;.When he and the priests were transfered in San Francisco de Malabon (the capital of Magdiwang Council),he heard that the priests were tortured by the Bonifacio brothers. Magdiwang Minister of Finance Diego de Mojica got angry when he learned about the incident and gave an order that the priests must not be subject to any kind of torture. When the Spaniards entered Silang ,Andres Bonifacio and Mariano Alvarez,whom Canseco described as "anti-religious and cruel Mason" took the prisoner-priests and sentenced they with death without trial and without giving them notice of the sentence. (KPPC:197)

The accusation of Canseco that the priests were executed without any trial is not true. Bonifacio appointed Santos Nocon("Duhat") as Judge and Artemio Ricarte("Vibora") the school teacher of San Francisco de Malabon as Fiscal. Fr.Piernevieja was accused of killing two of his servants (He inspired Rizal to depict him as Padre Salvi in the novel "Noli Me Tangere" and the servant killed is the fictional "Crispin" ,one of the two Altar boys of Padre Salvi---D).According to Ricarte"the charges brought against them were many,among them being the execution of the three native priests Mariano Gomez,Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora falsely implicated as leaders in the Cavire Mutiny of 1872,and the banishment of Jose Rizal. (MGAR:12-13)

Canseco remembered how Aguinaldo condemmed Bonifacio and Alvarez ' execution of the priests.He (Aguinaldo) decribed them as cruel persons who mistreated Spanish prisoners and deprived them of food.Because of Aguinaldo's gallantry towards Spanish and native prisoners ,he won their symphaty of the people and later on elected as president defeating Bonifacio at Tejeros. (KPPC:200,201)

Canseco's account ( Historia de la Insurrection...) favors Aguinaldo which he considered as "pro-friar".







MAR.22-FIRST TEJEROS CONVENTION at the Friar Estate House,Tejeros ,San Franciscio de Malabon, Cavite. Magdiwang and Magdalo councils met. The meeting was presided by Jacinto Lumbreras,but he yeilded the chair to Supremo Bonifacio. Instead of discussing how to unite the two rival factions , both factions decided to replace the Katipunan and establish a REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT .After the assembly promised to abide by majority decision,they proceed to elect its officers. The following were elected by secret ballots: EMILIO AGUINALDO ,President;Mariano Trias *,Vice President;Artemio Ricarte*,captain general;Emiliano Riego de Dios,*Director of War annd Andres Bonifacio, Director of Interior. (All with asterisks are officers of Magdiwang Council ).

This showed that Bonifacio do not have a solid following in Cavite and he can not count on the support of seemingly 'pro Bonifacio' Magdiwang Council. Candido Tirona,the Minister of War of the Magdalo council, protested on Bonifacio's election and suggested that Jose del Rosario,a lawyer is better qualified than Bonifacio who have no lawyer's diploma. Infuriated Bonifacio declared the proceedings null and void and walked out with some loyal followers. ( Eyewitness acounts in MGAR:36-43; KR: 82-88)

Additional Notes:

Tally of votes in the Tejeros Convention "Snap" Election:

Office of the President of the Revolutionary Government
Emilio Aguinaldo- 146 votes (winner); Andres Bonifacio- 80 votes; Mariano
Alvarez , 30 votes. (KPPC:217)

Ricarte mentioned only voters from Magdiwang and Magdalo Council but there was a seizable presence of Batangas Katipuneros. On the significant role of the Batangueno Katipuneros in the First Tejeros convention,Glenn May wrote :"When Bonifacio subsequently attempted to nullify the elections,...the Batangeno delegation adamantly insisted that the results be upheld...the outcome of the Tejeros Assembly was largely decided by the action of Santiago Rillo and his fellow Batanguenos.Rillo has thrown his influence behind the idea of unifucation and by doind so had helped bring about the election of Aguinaldo to the presidency....and commited himself to Aguinaldo and against Bonifacio."(BB:57)


MAR.23- SECOND TEJEROS ASSEMBLY composed of Bonifacio loyalists. Bonifacio and others signed a document now known as the ACTA DE TEJEROS declaring the election held the day before as null and void beacuse "the same lacks legality, we have learned the actual pressure has been brought to bear upon our Presidency; and that the ballots have been prepared by one person and have been issued to unqualified persons in order to secure a majority;and we learned that they have conspired there..." and treathened to "make all efforts to trace the steps of those who may intend to commit trason...that we will pursue them relentlessly and send them to the Presidency for punishment as soon as practicable." (for the English translation of the Acta see MGAM:97-98,see also Bonifacio's Letters to M.Alvarez and E.Jacinto in RM;216-2170)

Before noon, BATTLE OF PASONG SANTOL,Salitran ,Cavite. Emilio Aguinaldo was notified by Colonel Vicente Riego de Dios, a Magdiwang ,about his (Aguinaldo's) election as president of the newly formed Revolutionary Government. CRISPULO ,his elder brother temporarily took the command of the troops and died in action in obidience to the oath he gave to his brother. (RM:219-221)

8:00p.m- Convent Hall of Tanza Church, EMILIO AGUINALDO (President) ,Mariano Trias (Vice President) and the elected cabinet members of the newly formed Revolutionary Government took their oath of office. ARTEMIO RICARTE,Captain general elect,was forced to took his oath in order to leave the place unmolested. (MGAR: 41-42; for full text of Ricarte's Protest ...see MGAR ;95-96)

MAR.24-

Imus taken by the Spaniard and garissoned.(PI:I,73)

Ricarte signed a protest regarding the oath taking that took place in Tanza.That he could not accept the position of captain general because the election in Tejeros did not reflect the real "will of the people" and he took his oath because he fear for his life. (MGAR: )

MARCH (?) Naik,Cavite. Bonifacio and thirthy five others signed the ACTA DE NAIK/NAIK MILITARY AGREEMENT. Bonifacio,having no authority from the Revolutionary Government established during the First Tejeros Convention (Mar.22),assumed full military control and established an army corps placed under the command of Gen.Pio del Pilar. (full text in MGAR:99)
Major Lazaro Macapagal, who was detained by Ciriaco Bonifacio,the Supremo's brother escaped from his confinement and reprted the whole incident to Aguinald who lost no time in gathering his troops and rush at the Naik estate house.

Aguinaldo while secretly evesdropping heard the Bonifacio reading the contents of the Naik Military Agreemeny and was surprised when he saw his loyal men,Generals Pio del Pilar and Mariano plotting with Bonifacio. Bonifacio and his followers dashed out of the estate house.

MAR.26
Gov.Gen.Polavieja offered full amnesty to all who surrenderd their arms by April 11.(PI:I,73)

MAR.31
Revolutionists defeated at Novaleta and abandoned Binakayan and Cavite Viejo.(PI: I,73)

APR.6
Despite obstinate defense of Andres Bonifacio,Gen.Lacambre took San Francisco de Malabon,
Cavite. (PI: I,73)


APR.15- Bonifacio ,assuming the title "Ang Pangulo ng Haring Bayan" (President of the Sovereign People) appointment designating Emilio Jacinto,the Secretary of the defunct Katipunan Supreme Council ,as the Commander in Chief of the Northern Military Area (Manila and nearby provinces).(see facsimile of the appointment in RM:196)

NOTE: The Acta de Tejeros(Mar.23,1897),the Naik Military Agreement and Jacinto's Appointment (Apr.15) undermined and challenged the authority of the elected Revolutionary Government.

APRIL 16
Naik,Cavite. Andres Bonifacio wrote to Emilio Jacinto regarding a letter of the Jesuit Fr. Pio Pi and Rafael Comenge inviting the revolutionary chiefs"to lay down their arms" and "are promised a general pardon" and "Capitan Emilio (Aguinaldo--D) made several conditions,expulsion of friars,Deputies to the Cortes (Spaish Parliament---D) and others .Aguinaldo wrte secretly to the Chiefs of the Magdiwang.When President Mariano (Alvarez--D) learned of this,he called a meeting...(and) it was resolved to fontinue the war against the Spaniards and not to admit any terms of reconcilation". (AB: 112 )

Note:
Aguinaldo gave same account in his memoirs published 1964(MGH:199-200 ) but according to him the Magdalo Council replied that they will not recieve any terms except "the independence and freedom of the Filipino People" (ibid.,p.200).Don Telesforo Canseco',the overseer of the Naik Friar Estate in his1897 memoirsclaimed that he have readthe letters of Fr.Pio Pi and Comenge and Aguinaldo's reply of demanding reforms. (see KPPC:20-211).

Fast forward-later part of 1897, in Biak na Bato,Bulacan, Aguinaldo asked the granting of reforms as a condition for the cessation of the revolution. (MGH:324)

APRIL 24

According to Aguinaldo,he recieved a letter from the town mayor of Indang, asking for help because Bonifacio and his soldiers sacked ("nilooban") the town and confiscated rice from its inhabitants. Former Bonifacio follower,Severino de las Alas requested troops from Aguinaldo to resist the Supremo.The people placed a canon in the middle of the town square (plaza) and armed the bolomen (tropang gulukan) in Indang to fight Bonifacio. Upon learning the people's preparations, Bonifacio fled to the hills of Limbon where he constructed trenches and batteries in all strategic entrances. (MGH:268)

APRIL 25:

THE ARREST OF THE BONIFACIO BROTHERS AND SKIRMISH BETWEEN SUPREMO'S .FOLLOWERS AND GOVERNMENT TROOPS

Aguinaldo ordered Colonels Agapito Bonzon,Ignacio Pawa and Felipe Topacio to pursue and arrest the Bonifacio brothers and bring them to Indang.They brought with them half battalion of soldiers. (MGH: 269)


APRIL 26

Andres Bonifacio and other prisoners were confined in the town tribunal and later transfered to the convent house of Indang. (MGH:272, error in Aguinaldo'printed memoirs where it appeared as "April 9",because he was narrating the events following April 25. )




APRIL-28 Naik ,Cavite to May 8-Cavite.
THE COURT-MARTIAL OF ANDRES AND PROCOPIO BONIFACIO AND OTHERS (see trial documents in PI: I, 304-330,MGH:275)

The composition of the COUNCIL OF WAR/MILITARY COURT: Gen.Mariano Noriel (Chairman)with Mariano Riego de Dios,Esteban Infante, Crisostomo Riel(?) Tomas Mascardo and Sulpicio de la Cruz (members); Col.Pantaleon Garcia *(Investigating Judge ); Lazaro Macapagal (Secretary)Jose Elises (Prosecuting Officer/Fiscal ).

Teodoro Gonzales and Placido Martinez, counsels for Andres and Procopio Bonifacio,respectively.

Note:
* A mystery in the trial of Bonifacio brothers.
Who was the real Investigating Judge ? In the records of the trial Col.PANTALEON GARCIA's name and signature appeared, but according to E.Aguinaldo the Investigating Judge (Juez Instructor) was Col.PEDRO LIPANA .Was Garcia's signature forged ? (MGH:275,see also his statement in RM : 308-309,311 ).




April 28-
Brig.Gen. Mariano Noriel in his letter to Pres. Aguinaldo ,qouted the report of Col.Agapito Bonzon regarding the incidents that happend when Bonifacio brothers were accused of resisting arrests and starting the gunfight with government troops . (PI :I, 304)

Emilio Aguinaldo instructed the formation of a court martial headed by a judge with the rank of colonel. (PI: I, 304-305)

Col. Pantaleon Garcia appointed as Investigating Judge.Maj.Lazaro Makapagal, Secretary of the Military Court. (PI,I,305)

APRIL.29-
Barracks of Naik. Benito Torres,Procopio Bonifacio testified in the military court.( Testimonies in PI: I,306-309)

APRIL 30-
Barracks of Naik. Nicolas Guzman , Rafael Non, Narciso Tiolo,Julian Aguila ,Cayetano Lopez ,Bibiano Roxas,Pedro Giron,Domingo Deulaso,Domingo San Juan and Gervasio Santiago gave their testimonies to the military court. (PI ; I, -319)

The testimony of PEDRO GIRON, the star witness of the case, proved to be damaging against Andres Bonifacio whom he accused of giving him ten pesos in order that he would carry out Bonifacio's wishes of "killing Aguinaldo " and denounced Bonifacio "recruiting men to resist the troops that were be going to be sent by this...(and)....he have plan to overthrow his (Aguinaldo's--D) authority..."(PI :I,316)

MAY2-10
Spanish troops led by Gov.Gen..Primo de Rivera captured the barrio Alalang,Fuerte Quintana,Naik,Amadeo, Indang, Mendez-Nunez, Alfonso and Maragondon. (EA:10)

May 4-
Town of Maragondon.Andres Bonifacio and his wife Gregoria de Jesus interrogated before the military court. (PI : I, 319-323)

Summary of Testimonies:
Andres Bonifacio: He does not know of a government supported by an army ;that it is not true that he ordered Giron to assasinate Aguinaldo.

Gregoria de Jesus:She does not know who started the fight and who fired the first shots; that there never was a meeting in in their house;she did not know that there is a president of the Government;that Bonifacio never give an order to attack the soldiers and Col. Agapito(Intong) Bonzon want to rape her which he failed to do so on account of the strong opposition among the soldiers.

The Investigating Judge (Pantaleon Garcia) filed the following report:that Bonifacio without any authority recruited soldiers and detained those who opposed his plans; that the first shots were fired by Ciriaco Bonifacio while Andres and Procopio fired their arms also;that it is not true that there exist no government presided over by Aguinaldo he being present in Tejeros election and he ordered Aguinaldo's execution based on Pedro Giron's testimony.(PR;I,323-324)

MAY 6-
On the second meeting of the Chairman and the members agreed with the findings of the Investigating Judge and recommended death sentence for the Bonifacio brothers.(PI:I,326-327)

MAY 7- Judge Advocate General Baldomero Aguinaldo,(Emilio's cousin) recommended "that the findings of the court martial be approved and its decision confirmed. "(PR:I.328)

MAY 8- Pres.Emilio Aguinaldo commuted the death sentence imposed to the Bonifacio brothers to 'incommunicado' life imprisonment and Benito Torres et.al will serve temporary imprisonment for one year to be served in their former barracks. (PR: 329)

The commuted sentence made known the counsels (Gonzales did not sign) and to the convicts (Andres did not sign the notification). (PR:I,330)

-Generals Pio del Pilar and Mariano Noriel advised Pres.Emilio Aguinaldo to withdraw the commuted sentence and asked him to imposed the death sentence beacuse they were a threat to his life ,the stability of the government and the unity within the revolutionary ranks.( MGH:288-289)


MAY 10- Andres and Procopio Bonifacio executed by a group of soldiers led by Maj.Lazaro Makapagal in the hills of Maragondon,Cavite. Spanish troops bombarded Maragondon. (MGH: 290, for the facsimile of Maj.Macapagal's account on the execution of Bponifacio brothers,see IT:*11-815)

MAY 11- BATTLE OF MARAGONDON. The town was attacked by 7,000 enemy soldiers and 180 Filipino government soldiers killed. Soldiers retreated to Mount Buntis.(ITP :633)

Aguinaldo and the revolutionary army fled to Talisay,Batangas ;went to Laguna,then to s San Mateo; escaped through Paliparan to Almanza and Muntinglupa;crossed the Pasig River with 500 men and camped at Malapad na Bato, Guadalupe.Then he marched towards San Juan del Monte ,Montalban and went his way to Mt.Puray.( TR:10-11 )

STATISTICS:
Spanish offensive :52 days
Casualties: 15 officers,168 men killed and 56 officers and 910 men wounded.(PI:I73)

Insurgent casualties: 3,450 men.(exaggerated ?)
(Source: PI:I,73)


JUNE 13
ASSEMBLY OF MT.PURAY.
In the camp of Gen..Licerio Geronimo in Mt.Puray ,one of former Bonifacio's 'real'/mountain fortress ,a meeting was held and the DEPARTAMENTAL GOVERNMENT OF CENTRAL LUZON was created , The following were elected officers ( ITP: 586-588) :

Fr. Pedro Dandan (Cavite) .............................President
Dr,Anastacio Francisco ( Manila).....................Vice President
Paciano Rizal (Laguna)...................................... Secretary of Treasury
Cipriano Pacheco (Rizal)................................... Secretary of War
Teodoro Gonzalez ( Rizal)................................. Secretary of Interior
Feliciano Jocson (Manila) ................................. Secretary of Welfare

Provincial Governors:

Antonio Montenegro............................................ Manila
Francisco Macabulos Soliman............................. Tarlac and Pampanga
Lino Viola ............................................................. Bulacan
Manuel Tinio.......................................................... Nueva Ecija
Paciano Rizal......................................................... Laguna

The Assembly designated the following as military commanders :

General Command of the Army of Central Luzon under Gen.Mamerto Natividad

Lt. Generals :Mariano Llanera and Licerio Geronimo

Division Generals : Mamerto Natividad, Melencio Carlos,
Simeon Tecson and Sinforoso de la Cruz

Brig,Generals: Isidro Torres, Francisco Macabulos Soliman,
Benito Natividad ,Tiburcio de Leon ,Hermogenes Bautista,
Julian Bautista, Andres Pacheco,Manuel Tinio,Tomas Tagunton
and Pablo Kabling ( Cabiling).

June 14-11:00 AM
BATTLE OF MT.PURAY,Aguinaldo delt a crushing victory over the enemy.(ITP; 589-597)

JULY 2

Gov.Promo de Rivera issued a decree restricting the movement /travel of town people.(MCR:9)

JULY __

Aguinaldo issued a proclamation addressed "To the Brave Sons of the Philippines.He ordered the revolutionists to adopt "the Cuban plan of ambush and guerilla warfare...The war must be prolong ...so that Spain may be compelled to grant our demands (reforms---D)"that ends which we shall ardently desires " ,not ot total independence that Bonifacio and the Katipunan aspired.(MCR:10-11)

JULY___

Aguinaldo issued another proclamation contrary to one cited above .Inasmuch as Spain will not head the Filipinos legal appeal for reforms he wrote " To arms ,Filipinos,To arms my brothers"

and went back to the original purpose of the revolution "we aspire to have the glory of obtaining liberty,independence and honor for the country." (MCR: 12-13)

THE REVOLUTION BETRAYED:THE CAPITULATION "AGREEMENT OF BIAK NA BATO "

AUG.9
Pedro A.Paterno present himself unexpectively in Aguinaldo's headquarters at Biak na bato,Bulacan.He offered his service as Aguinaldo's emissary to deal with Spanish authorities "for the termination of this fatricidal struggle by a convention of peace which is bound to assure the prosperity of our beloved country".( PI: I;357-348)

Aguinaldo appointed Paterno to represent him in the negotiations and gave the following terms:(1As the Chief of the Revoliutionary Army he should receive 3,000,000 pesos in pecuniary compensation:(2) compensation for properties destroyed during the revolution and (3) reforms-safeguards against friar oppression and Philippine representation in the Spanish Parliament,

(RM:23)

AUG.31
Gregorio del Pilar attacked the convent of Paombong,Bulacan.


Oct.16-
Gov.Gen.Primo de Rivera issued a decree calling for two kinds of native volunteers:Local and mobilized.The local volunteers were to be employed for the defense of their towns while the mobilized volunteers were to be incorporated with regular troops. (PI: I,77)

OCT.22

HONG KONG JUNTA formed.

OCT.28

ASSEMBLY OF FIELD COMMANDERS AT BIAK NA BATO.

GEN. MAMERTO NATIVIDAD ,led the "war party" that voted to continue the struggleand continue the revolution to the bitter end.(MCR:14)


NOV.1
Promulgation of the PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION OF BIAK NA BATO, drafted by ISABELO ARTACHO and FELIX FERRER.(HP:39) Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho copied the contents of the Cuban Constitution of 1895 and pass off as their original work. (MCR:14)

The Constitution of Biak na Bato's Preamble acknowledged that Philippine independence "has been the end sought by the revolution.It provided for the creation of a Supreme Council headed bt a president supported by his cabinet;Tagalog as the national language and a Bill of Rights.(MCR:15)

( For the list of the signers of the provisional constitution see.... HP: 40 footnote )

NOV.2

The officers of the Supreme Council was elected: Emilio Aguinaldo (President); mariano Trias (vice President);Antonio Montenegro(Secretary of Foriegn Affairs;Isabelo Artacho (Secretary of Interior);Emiliano Roego de Dios(Secretary of War) and Baldomero aguinaldo(Secretary of Treasury) (HP:41)

NOV.11
Gen.Mamerto Natividad ,Commander in Chief of Central Luzon, died during the capture of Cabiao,Nueva Ecija.He was one of the leaders of the revolution who were against any concessions with the Spaniards. (HP;43)



Dec.14 -15

The Biak na Bato " Peace Agreement " signed by Gov.Gen.de Rivera (representing Spain) and Pedro Paterno (representing the revolutionists ). (HP:43)

Zafra summarized the provisions of the agreement:"(1) payment of 800,000 dollars to the revolutionists ,of which 400,000 dollars was to be paid upon the departure of Aguinaldo and his companions to Hong Kong; (2) payment of 900,000 dollars to those who suffered from the war;(3)surrender of firearms by the revolutionists;(4)grant of general amnesty by the Spanish government." (PHTSS:232)



DEC.16
Through a proclamation , Aguinaldo announced that he approved the programme presented by Paterno and declared that those who disobey his orders to lay down their arms have no right to call themeselves revolutionaries ,can not recieve any benifit or charities forthcoming under the agreement and branded them as 'tulisanes' or bandits. (PI: I,414)

DEC.25

Aguinaldo in his speech before he left for Hong Kong delivered a speech wherein he stated the reason for the cessation of the revolution:" I lay down my arms because continuing the war(the revolution---D), will produce turmoil and evil ,in place of happiness".He praised Gov.Gen.Primo de Rivera,who filled with love four our dear country (Spain---D) inagurated an era of peace;and described Pedro Paterno, the peace negotiator,as a "lover of the well being of our native land" .He concluded his speech with the shout of " Viva Espana,Viva Filipinas".

DEC.29-Aguinaldo and other exiles arrived in Hong Kong.

DEC.30
First anniversary of Rizal's martyrdom observed by Hong Kong exiles.(HP:47)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHC- Unabia,Teresita. Cavite's Historical Calendar. Dasmarinas, Cavite.1997

DPP- Kalaw, Maximo.The Development of Philippine Politics.1926.Reprinted Quezon City.

1986

HCP-Fernandez,Pablo. History of the Church in the Philippines (1521-1898).San Juan,Metro Manila.1988

HP- Kalaw,Teodoro. Ang Himagsikang Pilipino.Manila.1989 (Filipino translation of "La Revolucion Filipina".

*ITP- Ronquillo y Valdez, Carlos. Ilang talata Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolucion) nang 1896-1897. Ed. by Isagani R.Medina. Quezon City.1996

*KPPC- Canseco, Don Telesforo.Kasaysayan ng Paghihimagsik ng mga Pilipino sa Cavite(1897).

Translated in Pilipino with Spanish original text of "Histpria de la Insurrection Filipina en Cavite(1897). Quezon City.1999

*KR- Alvarez, Santiago V. The Katipunan and the Revolution:Memoirs of a General.with the Original Tagalog Text.Translated by Paula Carolina S.Malay. Quezon City.1992

MCR- Agoncillo,Teodoro A. Malolos :The Crisis of the Republic.Quezon City.1997 Ed.

*MGAR. Ricarte Artemio. Memoirs of Gen.Artemio Ricarte. Manila.1992

*MGH- Aguinaldo,Emilio.Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan.Manila.1998

*PHTSS- Zafra,Nicolas. Philippine History Through Selected Sources.Quezon City 1967

*PI- Taylor,John R.M. Philippine Insurrection Against the United States.Pasay City.1971

*TR- de los Santos,Efifanio.The Revolutionists:Aguinaldo. Bonifacio .Jacinto.Manila.1973

Note: * Primary Sources/contains historical documents

THE BOOK OF PHILIPPINE KEY FACTS: 1896 (Part I of the Revolution of 1896-1897)

YEAR: 1896 SOCIETY: Statistics: Population subject to Spain: 6,261,339 (RFN :I,568 citing Gazeteer ) Total Spanish Troops in the Philippines from August 21 1896 -January 20,1897: Spanish officers and men -28,463 Native officers and men- 14,654 ( Source: PI : I,265) Members of the Katipunan at the Outbreak of the Revolution: from 15,000-45,000 - ( de los Reyes : 45) )Source:DPP: 77 fn. between 100,000- 400,00 (Le Roy : I,85) ) POLITICS January 1- The first ussue of the "Kalayaan"(Freedom/Independence), the official organ of the Katipunan released. (DPP:74) January 20- Barcelona, Spain.Death of Graciano Lopez Jaena ,orator and journalist. First editor of "La Solidaridad",official organ of Filipino reformist expatriates in Europe. May 3, 1896- KATIPUNAN PASIG ASSEMBLY at the residence of Valentin Cruz presided by Supremo Andres Bonifacio and attended by Katipuneros from the towns of Santa Ana, Mandaluyong, San Pedro Makati, Taguig,Pasig and the province of Cavite. Bonifacio informed the assembly that the secrets of the Katipunan was betrayed in the confessional by three women,wives of Katipunan members,two are from Tondo and the third from Santa Ana and he ended his speech "What is your decision?Shall we rise in revolt now?". Emilio Aguinaldo ,Santiago Alvarez and Benigno Santi ,all from Cavite objected due to lack of arms annd the consequences of defeat are terrifying. May 4- 2:00 A,M- continuation of the Pasig Assembly. It was agreed upon to sent a delegation to sent Dr.Pio Valenzuela as secret envoy of the Katipunan to enlist Rizal to favour the revolution. (KR:9-13) July 4- Barcelona,Spain.Death of MARCELO H.del PILAR.. July 5- Lt. MANUEL SITYAR of the Spanish Civil Guard stationed in Pasig sent a confidential information about the growth and expansion of a secret subersive organization. ( HP : 10 ) August 13- Fr.AGUSTIN FERNANDEZ of Makati reported to the authorities about secret meetings of seperatists. (HP:11) August 19- ( A.M )- THE SECRETS OF KATIPUNAN BETRAYED.Teodoro Patino, a Katipunan member revealed the existence of the Katipunan to his younger sister and the Mother Portress of the Orphan Assylum in Mandaluyong. ( 6:15 p.m) Patino betrayed the secrets of the Katipunan to Fr. Mariano Gil,parish priest of Tondo. Katipunan paraphernalia and documents found in the printing press of "Diario de Manila". Mass arrests follows. (Min.:123-124) August 21- 10:00 p.m . Meeting house of Vidal Acab presided by Supremo Andres Bonifacio aided by Emilio Jacinto (Secretary) and Dr. Pio Valenzuela (Prosecutor),Among those who attended were Aguedo del Rosario, Ramon Bernardo,Romualdo Vicencio,Teodoro Plata,Pantaleon Torres,Ariston de Jesus,Jose Dizon and Severino Baltazar, the incumbent town mayor of Caloocan. (MK:17) 11:00 P.M- 2:00 A.M- Rain. Trek to the house of Apolonio Samson in Pook Kankong,Balintawak,Caloocan. Bonifacio with no less than 300 men armed with bolos,spears,daggers.a dozen of small revolvers and a hunting rifle. (MK:18) After dining with his cousin,he ( Dr.Pio Valenzuela---D) was told by a druggist that "a man in civilian clothes,who appeared to be a soldier called at his home (in Buenavides St., Divisoria---D) annd inqiure abpout him".( PVT in MK.:148 ) August 22- Katipunan headquarter on San Jose corner of Azcarraga Drive (now C.M.Recto Ave.) abandoned.Katipuneros escaped at the hills of Daang Toro,Caloocan.(HI:1) Andres Bonifacio and other Katipunan leaders " under the care and protection of Katipunan Chapter in Caloocan ".(MK:16 ) AM- At 6 Magdalena St.Tondo,Manila. Josefa Dizon ,mother of Emilio Jacinto told Dr.Valenzuela that her spn and Andres Bonifacio,fled the city to evade arrest and advised him to go into hiding.(PVT in Min.: 148) PM-Dr.Valenzuela took a coach going to Polo,Bulacan. 8:00 PM- When he reached Caloocan,his coach was stopped and some one told him that Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto wanted to talk to him. (PVT in MK.: 148) 11:00 pm- Dr.Valenzuela met the outlaw "Laon" who detained and forced persons passing through to become members of the Katipunan. (PVT in MK: 148) Aug.23- Pook Bahay Toro,Balintawak , Caloocan at the house yard and warehouse of Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora),more tha 500 men gathered,she"opened her granary annd have plenty of rice pounded and animals slaughtered to feed us", wrote Santiago Alvarez. (MK:19) The Katipunan general uprising was decided at the general assembly held at the yard of Melchora Aguino (Tandang Sora/Old Woman Sora). ( PVTUS in MK.:238) Aug.24-Katipunan meeting at Pook Kankong, Balintawak ,Caloocan attended by more tha 1,000 men voted to start the uprising on the midnight of 29 August 1896. Brigider generals were appointed to capture Manila:Aguedo del Rosario ,Ramon Bernardo,Gregorio Coronel to take the offensive and converged inside the walled city (Intramuros ,Manila). (MK:19-20) The inaguration of the REPUBLIKA NG KATAGALUGAN (Republic of the Katagalugan/ Philippines).War Cabinet composed of: Andres Bonifacio ----- President Emilio Jacinto---------Secretary of State Teodoro Plata---------Secretary of War Briccio Pantas------- Secreatary of Justice Enrique Pacheco------Secretary of Finance Aguedo del Rosario ----Secreatry of Administration Silverio Baltazar -------General Treasurer The formation of the Katipunan Army. The following were appointed "Jefes Generales"( Generals in Chief ): Guillermo Masangkay Aguedo del Rosario Apolonio Samson Emilio Jacinto Alejandro Santiago Pio Valenzuela Tomas Remigio Lucino ( Luciano San Miguel ? ) August 25-2:00 P.M- Katipuneros engaged the Spanish troops between Pook Kankong and Bahay Toro,Balintawak . Caloocan, a non combatant youth was killed. (MK:20) (P.M, Balintawak ,Caloocan)-Bonifacio gathered the members of the Supreme Council ,and appointed Teodoro Plata, general-in-chief;Emilio Jacinto and Aguedo del Rosario,generals of division and Pio Valenzuela, chief surgeon. (MK,150) Dr.Valenzuela left Balintawak to induce the town peoples of Montalban and San Mateo to join the general uprising. August 26- Skirmish in Pasong Tamo,Caloocan.Bonifacio appointed Gregorio Tapalla (Matandang Leon),a former bandit to led the troops. Among those killed was Tapalla and a Lieutenant Manuel,flag and the valise containing the funds of the Katipunan was left. Bonifacio escaped at a site between Balara and Krus -na-Ligas ( now part of the Univ.of the Philippines). (MK:20-21) Aug.27 Dr.Valenzuela in Mariquina. August 28 - Daylight. From Mariquina ,Dr.Pio Valenzuela reached Escolta,Manila as far as Pasaje de Perez where he embarked in a lake steamer going to Binang, Laguna.He call on the house of Don Silvino Manalo, a native cleric,where he recieved a copy of Gov.Gen.Ramon Blanco's proclamation of amnesty. (PVT in MK.:150-151) Bundok ng Kalayaan /Sitio Balakbak,Mandaluyong. Andres Bonifacio issued a proclamation on the start of the revolution by simoultaneous attack on Manila (Intramuros) and the Katipuneros to attack their respective towns and free their brethren that were imprisoned and suffering from torture. Aug.29- Malacanang Palace,Manila. Dr.Pio Valenzuela, surrendered himself to Governor General Blanco. ( PVT in MK : 151) Aug.29-30 - Bonifacio led the Katipunan simultaneous attack on Manila (Intramuros/Walled City) . The Start of the Revolution against Spain. August 30- Gov.Gen.Ramon Blanco issued a decree placing the provinces of Manila,Bulacan,Pampanga,Nueva Ecija,Ratlac,Laguna,Cavite and Batangas under martial law. "Batalion de los Voluntarios Leales"( Batallion of Loyal Volunteers) compost mostly of members of "Sociedad de Tiro de Manila"( Manila Shooters Society) forme to safeguard Spanish interests in the Philippines. ( AKM: 58) August 31 (Cavite) (San Francisco de Malabon,Cavite,between 10 and 11:00 A.M ) Katipuneros of the Magdiwang Council led by Artemio Ricarte,a school teacher,captured the town hall and its barracks. (RM : 8-9 ) Mariano Alvarez,the founder and President of the Magdiwang Council led the rebels capture the town hall of Novaleta (KR:39) 3:00 P.M- Municipal mayor Emilio Aguinaldo annd Candido Tirona of the Magdalo Council ,captured the tribunal of Cavite Viejo (Kawit). August 31- Twenty two prisoners died of suffocation in Fort Santiago. Sept.2- BATTLE OF BACOOR ,Cavite. Emilio Aguinaldo met his first defeat . (CHC:62) Sept.3- BATTLE OF IMUS,Cavite . Emilio Aguinaldo defeated Spanish troops under Gen. Ernesto Aguirre. (CH:63) Sept.4- Spanish government ordered the first executions. Sept.12- Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite " executed. (HP ;16) Sept.16- Twenty two prominent persons of Manila imprisoned in Fort Santiago.,among them were : Telesporo Chuidian, Mariano Limjap, Luis R. Yanco, Lorenzo del Rosario, Ambrosio Salvador ,Bonifacio Arevalo, Maximo Paterno, Ambrosio Rianzarez Bautista,Nazario Constatino, Antonio Salazar, Juan Luna, Dr.Jose Luna, Isidro Soto Villaruel, Dr.Felipe Zamora, Numeriano Adriano , Ambrosio Flores, Dr.Jose Albert,Isaac Fernando Rios,Marcelino de los Santos and Rosario Villaruel. (HP:17-19) Oct.31- Gen.Emilio Aguinaldo issued a manifesto addressed "To the Filipino People"calling for a creation of a revolutionary government declaring the real purpose of of the revolution:Liberty and Independence.(DPP:78 ) Nov.3 Dr.Rizal arrived in manila aboard ship "Colon". Heavily guaded,he was transferred to Fort Santiago and held "incumunicado". Nov.9-11- BATTLE OF BINAKAYAN and DALAHIKAN,Cavite . Four attempts of the Sapniards to capture fort of Dalahikan failed.Magdiwang trops led by Gen. Santiago Alvarez( KR:63-64) Nov.10- Battle of Binakayan- Death of CANDIDO TRIA TIRONA.(CHC:77) Nov.11- Battleof Binakayan.Gen.Emio Aguinaldo defeated Spanish forces under Gov.Gen.Ramon Blanco.(CHC:78) Nov.3- Rizal arrived in Manila aboard 'Colon',he was closely guarded ,tranferred to Fort Santiago and held 'incommunicado. (JR, :338-339) Dec.3- Arrival of CAMILO de POLAVIEJA, who succeeded Ramon Blanco,as governor-general on Dec.13.(JR:345) Dec 14- Executions in Tarlac. Dec.17- Andres Bonifacio,the Supreme President of the Katagalugan /Filipinas,arrived in Cavite.He stayed at the house of Juan Castaneda at Imus (KR :67) Dec.18- Emilio Aguinaldo,Baldomero Aguinaldo,Daniel Tirona,Vicente Fernandez and others paid their respect to Supreme President Andres Bonifacio.The Supremo ordered the arrest of Fernandez for insubordination . His order ignored by the above mentioned Magdalo Council officers. Dec.15- (Fort Santiago ) Rizal presented to the court martial a manifesto which condemned the revolution as"absurd and savage uprising ploted behind my back,which dishonors the Filipino" and he advised the rebels to "return to your homes..." ( full text in JR :346-347).The manifesto's publication was opposed by court auditor De la Pena. DEC.26- (Cuartel de Espana,Fort Santiago) Rizal faced the Council of War presided by Lt.Col.jose Tagores with six captains of different arms.Beside him was his lawyer Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade. The trial started with the reading of accusations against Rizal,followed by the defense by Lt. Andrade. Rizal read his arguments as addition to his defense. After a short deliberation the council found Rizal guilty of "the crimes of rebellion,sedition and illegal association...and hereby condemned to death...annd pay to the State an indemnity of P 100,000.00..."(JR.349-355) December 30- (7:00 A.M ,Bagumbayan Field now Rizal Park)-JOSE P.RIZAL EXECUTED by a firing squad composed of eight native soldiers belonging to regiment no.70 ( JR :369-371 394;FF:415) Dec.31- IMUS ASSEMBLY(Cavite)- The Magdiwang and Magdalo Councils met to unify the province under one leadership. Instead the Magdalo Council in the person of Baldomero Aguinaldo advocated the establishment of a revolutionary goverment to replace the Katipunan and submitted a constitution drafted by a foriegn educated engineer Edilberto Evangelista. Capitan Emilio Aguinaldo proposed to head the revolutionary government because "Evangelista was the best educated"in contrast with self educated Andres Bonifacio,the Supreme President of the Katipunan.The meeting was stormy ,accomplished nothing and was adjourned because of the arrival of Paciano Rizal,the hero's brother and Josephine Bracken, Dr.Rizal's widow. ( MGAR:25-27 , PAR :182-184) Reorganization of two Provincial Councils in Cavite followed 'as some of of the towns were cleared of the Civil Guards': I. Sangguniang Bayan Magdiwang (Magdiwang Provincial Council ) Officers: (Source:MGAR :13) Mariano Alvarez ........................President Pascual Alvarez...........................Vice President Emiliano Riego de Dios...............Minister of Commerce Mariano trias Closas ..................Minister of Welfare and Justice Ariston Bautista ......................... Minister of War Diego Mojica .................................Minister of Finance Santiago Alvarez .........................Captain General and General in Chief Mariano Alvarez..........................) Artemio Ricarte )Brigader Generals II. Sanguniang Bayan Magdalo (Magdalo Provincial Council) (Source: MGH:130 ) Pangulo (Presidente).................. Baldomero Aguinaldo Secretario de Guerra.................. Candido Tirona Secretario de Hacienda.............. Cayetano Topacio Secretario de Formento ........... Glicerio Topacio Secretario de Justicia ............... Sixto Espinosa Teniente General en Jefe Abanderado ................ Emilio Aguinaldo Note: Gen.Artemio Ricarte listed Emilio Aguinaldo as Captain General and General of the jurisdiction of the Sangguniang bayan Magdalo; Edilberto Evangelista ( Lt. General) and Vito Belarmino and Crispulo Aguinaldo (Brig.Generals). (MGAR: 13)

PHILIPPINE PLACE NAMES MENTIONED IN EARLY SPANISH HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS

The antiquity of provinces,towns, villages/barrios can be traced back to the accounts of navigators, "conquistadores" , priests and administrative officials during the early days of Spanish conquest of the Philippines. I have consulted the following sources :

P- Antonio Pigafetta .Magellan's Voyage:A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation.
(1526/1994)




BOHOL- Bohol
CEBU- Zzubu ( P :Ch. XIX 71)
Mazau - Limasawa (?)

LEYTE- (name not mentioned by Pigafetta ,only specific places:)
Baibai -Baybay (P:Ch.XX,73)
Panaon (P: Ch.XX,73 )

SAMAR- Zsamal ( P : Ch.XVI,61-64)
Humunu- Homonhon ( P: XVII:64)
Zsuluan - Suluan (P: Ch. XVII, 64)


SURIGAO
( Note: Name of Surigao ,not mentioned by Pigafetta,but named islands between Samar
and Mindanao: )

Cenalo- Dinagat (?) )
Hinnangar- Kabugan (?)) ( P: 65-69)
Ibusson-Hibuson )
Abarien -Cabalian )

Butuan -(P: Ch.XIX,70)
Calaghan- (P: Ch.XIX,70) -Caraga
Mazzaua- Masao (?)