Monday, March 28, 2011

THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE PHILIPPINES :

MAGELLAN'S EXPEDITION IN THE PHILIPPINES
Mar 16- midday Magellan reached the island of Zamal (Samar). ( VM: 30,32)

Mar18- Samar native fishermen(frum Suluan) described by Pigafetta as "rational people", Magelan gave them food and drink,red caps,mirrors,combs,bells,ivory,bocasin and other things. in return the natives gave the crews "some fish, a jar of palm wine (tuba) and bananas".( VM:32) From their ship they saw the island of Zuluan (Suluan),and the natives were from Humunu (Homonhon)(VM:34). The natives of Suluan took Magellan to their ships ,and "show him all their goods,cloves,cinnamon,pepper, ginger,nutmeg,mace,gold and everyting they had in their ships."( VM:34)

NOTE: Because Magellan reached the Philippines on St,Lazarus Day
(March 16) he named it Archipelago of St.Lazarus .(MV:35)
March 25- Magellan's ships "took a west soutwest course among the islands of Cenalo(Dinagat?), Huinanghan (Cabugan),Hibussson (Gibuson) and Abarien (Cabalarian)."
(MV:36)
March 26-Morning. They were met by a small boat with eight warriors.Enrique de Malacca "addressed them in Malay dialect and to magellan's astonishment,the men appeared to understand him and replied in the same language." (OEW:140)
Magellan met two huge boats full of men with Butuan ruler,Kolambu who preferred to stay in his boat (balanghai).Enrique ,Magellan's slave spoke to the king and understood him.Magellan politely refuse the king's gifts of a bar of gold and a basketful of ginger. Magellan's ship anchored near the king's hut for the night," as a symbol of newfound alliance."(OEW:243)
March 28- Good Friday.The King of in Magellan's ship.The king gave him a "jar covered with leaves, full of uncooked rice"two large dories and other things".Magellan gave them gifts:for the king,a robe of red and yellow cloth and a red cap;and for his men; knives and mirrors.(NV:38).There was an exhibition of the European fire power and weapons.(VM:38,40)Pigafetta listed the names of the kings of Butuan ( Colambo) and Calaghan/Caraga (Siagu ) (MV:43) March 30- Butuan.First recorded Catholic Mass celebrated in Philippine soil.


April 7- Magellan reached the port of Zubu(Cebu).passed many villages,houses on tree trunks.

Pigafetta recorded that four days before their arrival a junk from Ciama loaded with gold and slaves aarived in Cebu and paid tribute to the king . Blood compact between Magellan and rajah of Cebu.( MV:Ch.XXI)



April 8(?)- Magellan and the King of Cebu performed the "Blood Compact" (NV:53) Magellan preached the king on the Catholic doctrines .


March 30. Butuan.First mass celebrated.

April 14 -Two kings of Cebu and Mazaua and five hundred men baptized.The former was named Charles, after the Holy Roman Emperor and ;the later named Juan (MV:64);After the dinner the queen was baptized and named Johanna,after the Emperor's mother and her daughter and the wife of the prince was named Katherine. The queen of Mazana was baptized and named Elizabeth. They were baptized along with 40 women.(MV:65- 66 )


April 26- The son of Zula,one of the chiefs of Mattan (Mactan) told Magellan that Cilapulapu , (Lapulapu),another chief of the said island"dod not want to obey the King of Spain". Midnight,Magellan left Cebu with sixty armored men with the king of Cebu and some chieftains in twenty or thirty boats.


April 27 - Three hours before daybreak reached .Magellan was among those killed in the BATTLE of MACTAN.(MV:75-79)

Duarte Barbosa and Joan Serrano,appointed as commanders of the expedition.


Barbosa, mistreatment of Enrique made him plot a conspiracy with the king of Cebu to seize the ships.Crew who went ashore were massacared.(MV: MMCh.XXVIII )


THE SURVIVORS ' VOYAGE :


After Magellan's death and the Cebu massacare,the survivors sailed to the island of BOHOL,reach Pailonghon/Panglao where they met dark skinned natives "as in Ethiopia" (Negritos)under the ruler Rajah Calanaoa.Pigafetta noted that " the greatest commodity in that island is abundance of gold." ( MV :Ch.XXIX)


Survivors in Palaoan(Palawan) replenished their supply with Palawan produce. Recorded for the first time cockfighting in the Philippines.(MV: XXXI)


June 21- Survivors left Palawan, met three large boats and captured three Arab pilots instead of guiding them to Mollucas,they directed the ships to Brunei,a Muslim stronghold.(OEW:320)

July 9- After Spaniards fired at proas and captured the

Sunday, March 27, 2011

PHILIPPINE PREHISTORY

I. ORIGIN OF PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO A . Legendary Origin-Quarrel between the Sky and the Sea B. Geologic Origin II. THEORIES ON THE PEOPLING OF THE PHILIPPINES: A. Legendary origin : 1.Sicalac and Sicavay 2.Malakas and Maganda B. Theories on the Peopling of Asia : 1. Out of Africa Theory (WP 2d ed.:288) 2. Multilinear/ Multiregional Model or Regional Continuity Theory (PE : 100) C.Fossil Remains / Proof of Earliest Humans in N.E Asia and SE Asia( PE.:106 ; WP 2nd ed.:1 -9) 1.

Thursday, March 3, 2011

THE BOOK OF PHILIPPINE FACTS: 1897 (Part 2 of the Revolution of 1896-1897)

YEAR 1897



THE SPANISH OFFENSIVE UNDER POLAVIEJA

By FEB.1-
Spain transported to the Philippines 15 battalions of infantry, 4 battalions of marine infantry.
Those sent were young recruits -mostly boys betwwen 18 or 19 years old. (PI; I,71)

FEB. 7-Gov.Gen.Camilo de Polavieja organized the following commands and were stationed as follows:

Division of Laguna,Batangas and Tayabas under Maj.Gen.Lacambre .His personal
commnands were composed of 1,363 men. His three brigades were as folows:

First Brigade -Brig.Gen. Cornel:4,001 men.Headquarters at Calamba,Laguna.

Second Bigade -Brig.Gen.Marina Vega:3,913 men.Headquarters at Binang,Laguna.

Third Brigade -Brig,Gen.Jaramillo : 1,645 men and 2 guns. Headqurters at Taal,
Batangas. With detachments along the line Lian-Taal,which amounted to 1,095
men.

Fourth Brigade-ubder Brig.Gen.Galbis.Composed of 100 cavalry,5,869 infantry,
14 guns and was extended along the northern bank of the Zapote River.Bay and Taal
lakes guarded by launches and small crafts and gunboats patrolled the seacosts.


Brig.Gen.de los Rios held Cavite and Dalahican with a force of about 3,812 infantry
and 100 cavalry.

Maj.Gen.Zappino held Manila and Morong provinces with 2,754 infantry,216 heavy
artillary,the Manila volunteers and the civil guards of the provinces.


FEB.8

Provinces north of manila pacified by the Spanish troops.Gov.Gen.Polavieja planned a multi pronged attack on Cavite and the southern Tagalog region.(BB:54)




FEB.14
Gov.Gen.Camilo de Polavieja,who relieved Blanco of command,bivoouacked at Paranaque anf led the military operation against the rebels in Cavite.(TR:9)

FEB.15
Spanish troops under Gen.Galbis took Pamplona. (PI: I,73)

FEB.17
Gen. Edilberto Evangelista , an engineering graduate of the University of Ghent ,was among those brave Filipinbo defenders waho fell fighting heroically at the trenches in the BATTLE OF ZAPOTE BRIDGE. According to Apolinario Mabini Evangelista "took charge of the construction of trenches and other field fortifications which gave much trouble to the Spanish forces."(PHSS:320)


FEB.19-
Gen.Lacambre with Cornel's and Marina Vega brigades took Silang,Cavite. (PI: I,72)
Gen.Lacambre captured Damarinas,Cavite ,defended in person by Aguinaldo(PI:I,73)
Brig,Gen. Jaramillo took Bayuyungan and droved the rebels to Batangas. (PI,73)


FEB.28
EXECUTION OF SPANISH PRIEST PRISONERS
Boundery line between Naik and Maragondon. 6:00 p.m .The following Spanish priests priests were shot upon the oral order of Andres Bonifacio:Agapito Echecgoyen,Recollect parish priests of Amadeo; Domingo Cardenas, Agustinian priest of Talisay;Antonio Piernevieja,
Agustinian and an Augustinian brother ,administrator of the hacienda at Buenavista. After the execution,the crowd shouted:"Mabuhay ang Lahing Tagalog!" (Long Live the Tagalog Race!)
(KPPC :196-199)

According to Telesforo Canseco(a pro-friar chronicler),who was also detained in Buenavista,the priests suffered maltreatment at the hands of the revolutionists;.When he and the priests were transfered in San Francisco de Malabon (the capital of Magdiwang Council),he heard that the priests were tortured by the Bonifacio brothers. Magdiwang Minister of Finance Diego de Mojica got angry when he learned about the incident and gave an order that the priests must not be subject to any kind of torture. When the Spaniards entered Silang ,Andres Bonifacio and Mariano Alvarez,whom Canseco described as "anti-religious and cruel Mason" took the prisoner-priests and sentenced they with death without trial and without giving them notice of the sentence. (KPPC:197)

The accusation of Canseco that the priests were executed without any trial is not true. Bonifacio appointed Santos Nocon("Duhat") as Judge and Artemio Ricarte("Vibora") the school teacher of San Francisco de Malabon as Fiscal. Fr.Piernevieja was accused of killing two of his servants (He inspired Rizal to depict him as Padre Salvi in the novel "Noli Me Tangere" and the servant killed is the fictional "Crispin" ,one of the two Altar boys of Padre Salvi---D).According to Ricarte"the charges brought against them were many,among them being the execution of the three native priests Mariano Gomez,Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora falsely implicated as leaders in the Cavire Mutiny of 1872,and the banishment of Jose Rizal. (MGAR:12-13)

Canseco remembered how Aguinaldo condemmed Bonifacio and Alvarez ' execution of the priests.He (Aguinaldo) decribed them as cruel persons who mistreated Spanish prisoners and deprived them of food.Because of Aguinaldo's gallantry towards Spanish and native prisoners ,he won their symphaty of the people and later on elected as president defeating Bonifacio at Tejeros. (KPPC:200,201)

Canseco's account ( Historia de la Insurrection...) favors Aguinaldo which he considered as "pro-friar".







MAR.22-FIRST TEJEROS CONVENTION at the Friar Estate House,Tejeros ,San Franciscio de Malabon, Cavite. Magdiwang and Magdalo councils met. The meeting was presided by Jacinto Lumbreras,but he yeilded the chair to Supremo Bonifacio. Instead of discussing how to unite the two rival factions , both factions decided to replace the Katipunan and establish a REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT .After the assembly promised to abide by majority decision,they proceed to elect its officers. The following were elected by secret ballots: EMILIO AGUINALDO ,President;Mariano Trias *,Vice President;Artemio Ricarte*,captain general;Emiliano Riego de Dios,*Director of War annd Andres Bonifacio, Director of Interior. (All with asterisks are officers of Magdiwang Council ).

This showed that Bonifacio do not have a solid following in Cavite and he can not count on the support of seemingly 'pro Bonifacio' Magdiwang Council. Candido Tirona,the Minister of War of the Magdalo council, protested on Bonifacio's election and suggested that Jose del Rosario,a lawyer is better qualified than Bonifacio who have no lawyer's diploma. Infuriated Bonifacio declared the proceedings null and void and walked out with some loyal followers. ( Eyewitness acounts in MGAR:36-43; KR: 82-88)

Additional Notes:

Tally of votes in the Tejeros Convention "Snap" Election:

Office of the President of the Revolutionary Government
Emilio Aguinaldo- 146 votes (winner); Andres Bonifacio- 80 votes; Mariano
Alvarez , 30 votes. (KPPC:217)

Ricarte mentioned only voters from Magdiwang and Magdalo Council but there was a seizable presence of Batangas Katipuneros. On the significant role of the Batangueno Katipuneros in the First Tejeros convention,Glenn May wrote :"When Bonifacio subsequently attempted to nullify the elections,...the Batangeno delegation adamantly insisted that the results be upheld...the outcome of the Tejeros Assembly was largely decided by the action of Santiago Rillo and his fellow Batanguenos.Rillo has thrown his influence behind the idea of unifucation and by doind so had helped bring about the election of Aguinaldo to the presidency....and commited himself to Aguinaldo and against Bonifacio."(BB:57)


MAR.23- SECOND TEJEROS ASSEMBLY composed of Bonifacio loyalists. Bonifacio and others signed a document now known as the ACTA DE TEJEROS declaring the election held the day before as null and void beacuse "the same lacks legality, we have learned the actual pressure has been brought to bear upon our Presidency; and that the ballots have been prepared by one person and have been issued to unqualified persons in order to secure a majority;and we learned that they have conspired there..." and treathened to "make all efforts to trace the steps of those who may intend to commit trason...that we will pursue them relentlessly and send them to the Presidency for punishment as soon as practicable." (for the English translation of the Acta see MGAM:97-98,see also Bonifacio's Letters to M.Alvarez and E.Jacinto in RM;216-2170)

Before noon, BATTLE OF PASONG SANTOL,Salitran ,Cavite. Emilio Aguinaldo was notified by Colonel Vicente Riego de Dios, a Magdiwang ,about his (Aguinaldo's) election as president of the newly formed Revolutionary Government. CRISPULO ,his elder brother temporarily took the command of the troops and died in action in obidience to the oath he gave to his brother. (RM:219-221)

8:00p.m- Convent Hall of Tanza Church, EMILIO AGUINALDO (President) ,Mariano Trias (Vice President) and the elected cabinet members of the newly formed Revolutionary Government took their oath of office. ARTEMIO RICARTE,Captain general elect,was forced to took his oath in order to leave the place unmolested. (MGAR: 41-42; for full text of Ricarte's Protest ...see MGAR ;95-96)

MAR.24-

Imus taken by the Spaniard and garissoned.(PI:I,73)

Ricarte signed a protest regarding the oath taking that took place in Tanza.That he could not accept the position of captain general because the election in Tejeros did not reflect the real "will of the people" and he took his oath because he fear for his life. (MGAR: )

MARCH (?) Naik,Cavite. Bonifacio and thirthy five others signed the ACTA DE NAIK/NAIK MILITARY AGREEMENT. Bonifacio,having no authority from the Revolutionary Government established during the First Tejeros Convention (Mar.22),assumed full military control and established an army corps placed under the command of Gen.Pio del Pilar. (full text in MGAR:99)
Major Lazaro Macapagal, who was detained by Ciriaco Bonifacio,the Supremo's brother escaped from his confinement and reprted the whole incident to Aguinald who lost no time in gathering his troops and rush at the Naik estate house.

Aguinaldo while secretly evesdropping heard the Bonifacio reading the contents of the Naik Military Agreemeny and was surprised when he saw his loyal men,Generals Pio del Pilar and Mariano plotting with Bonifacio. Bonifacio and his followers dashed out of the estate house.

MAR.26
Gov.Gen.Polavieja offered full amnesty to all who surrenderd their arms by April 11.(PI:I,73)

MAR.31
Revolutionists defeated at Novaleta and abandoned Binakayan and Cavite Viejo.(PI: I,73)

APR.6
Despite obstinate defense of Andres Bonifacio,Gen.Lacambre took San Francisco de Malabon,
Cavite. (PI: I,73)


APR.15- Bonifacio ,assuming the title "Ang Pangulo ng Haring Bayan" (President of the Sovereign People) appointment designating Emilio Jacinto,the Secretary of the defunct Katipunan Supreme Council ,as the Commander in Chief of the Northern Military Area (Manila and nearby provinces).(see facsimile of the appointment in RM:196)

NOTE: The Acta de Tejeros(Mar.23,1897),the Naik Military Agreement and Jacinto's Appointment (Apr.15) undermined and challenged the authority of the elected Revolutionary Government.

APRIL 16
Naik,Cavite. Andres Bonifacio wrote to Emilio Jacinto regarding a letter of the Jesuit Fr. Pio Pi and Rafael Comenge inviting the revolutionary chiefs"to lay down their arms" and "are promised a general pardon" and "Capitan Emilio (Aguinaldo--D) made several conditions,expulsion of friars,Deputies to the Cortes (Spaish Parliament---D) and others .Aguinaldo wrte secretly to the Chiefs of the Magdiwang.When President Mariano (Alvarez--D) learned of this,he called a meeting...(and) it was resolved to fontinue the war against the Spaniards and not to admit any terms of reconcilation". (AB: 112 )

Note:
Aguinaldo gave same account in his memoirs published 1964(MGH:199-200 ) but according to him the Magdalo Council replied that they will not recieve any terms except "the independence and freedom of the Filipino People" (ibid.,p.200).Don Telesforo Canseco',the overseer of the Naik Friar Estate in his1897 memoirsclaimed that he have readthe letters of Fr.Pio Pi and Comenge and Aguinaldo's reply of demanding reforms. (see KPPC:20-211).

Fast forward-later part of 1897, in Biak na Bato,Bulacan, Aguinaldo asked the granting of reforms as a condition for the cessation of the revolution. (MGH:324)

APRIL 24

According to Aguinaldo,he recieved a letter from the town mayor of Indang, asking for help because Bonifacio and his soldiers sacked ("nilooban") the town and confiscated rice from its inhabitants. Former Bonifacio follower,Severino de las Alas requested troops from Aguinaldo to resist the Supremo.The people placed a canon in the middle of the town square (plaza) and armed the bolomen (tropang gulukan) in Indang to fight Bonifacio. Upon learning the people's preparations, Bonifacio fled to the hills of Limbon where he constructed trenches and batteries in all strategic entrances. (MGH:268)

APRIL 25:

THE ARREST OF THE BONIFACIO BROTHERS AND SKIRMISH BETWEEN SUPREMO'S .FOLLOWERS AND GOVERNMENT TROOPS

Aguinaldo ordered Colonels Agapito Bonzon,Ignacio Pawa and Felipe Topacio to pursue and arrest the Bonifacio brothers and bring them to Indang.They brought with them half battalion of soldiers. (MGH: 269)


APRIL 26

Andres Bonifacio and other prisoners were confined in the town tribunal and later transfered to the convent house of Indang. (MGH:272, error in Aguinaldo'printed memoirs where it appeared as "April 9",because he was narrating the events following April 25. )




APRIL-28 Naik ,Cavite to May 8-Cavite.
THE COURT-MARTIAL OF ANDRES AND PROCOPIO BONIFACIO AND OTHERS (see trial documents in PI: I, 304-330,MGH:275)

The composition of the COUNCIL OF WAR/MILITARY COURT: Gen.Mariano Noriel (Chairman)with Mariano Riego de Dios,Esteban Infante, Crisostomo Riel(?) Tomas Mascardo and Sulpicio de la Cruz (members); Col.Pantaleon Garcia *(Investigating Judge ); Lazaro Macapagal (Secretary)Jose Elises (Prosecuting Officer/Fiscal ).

Teodoro Gonzales and Placido Martinez, counsels for Andres and Procopio Bonifacio,respectively.

Note:
* A mystery in the trial of Bonifacio brothers.
Who was the real Investigating Judge ? In the records of the trial Col.PANTALEON GARCIA's name and signature appeared, but according to E.Aguinaldo the Investigating Judge (Juez Instructor) was Col.PEDRO LIPANA .Was Garcia's signature forged ? (MGH:275,see also his statement in RM : 308-309,311 ).




April 28-
Brig.Gen. Mariano Noriel in his letter to Pres. Aguinaldo ,qouted the report of Col.Agapito Bonzon regarding the incidents that happend when Bonifacio brothers were accused of resisting arrests and starting the gunfight with government troops . (PI :I, 304)

Emilio Aguinaldo instructed the formation of a court martial headed by a judge with the rank of colonel. (PI: I, 304-305)

Col. Pantaleon Garcia appointed as Investigating Judge.Maj.Lazaro Makapagal, Secretary of the Military Court. (PI,I,305)

APRIL.29-
Barracks of Naik. Benito Torres,Procopio Bonifacio testified in the military court.( Testimonies in PI: I,306-309)

APRIL 30-
Barracks of Naik. Nicolas Guzman , Rafael Non, Narciso Tiolo,Julian Aguila ,Cayetano Lopez ,Bibiano Roxas,Pedro Giron,Domingo Deulaso,Domingo San Juan and Gervasio Santiago gave their testimonies to the military court. (PI ; I, -319)

The testimony of PEDRO GIRON, the star witness of the case, proved to be damaging against Andres Bonifacio whom he accused of giving him ten pesos in order that he would carry out Bonifacio's wishes of "killing Aguinaldo " and denounced Bonifacio "recruiting men to resist the troops that were be going to be sent by this...(and)....he have plan to overthrow his (Aguinaldo's--D) authority..."(PI :I,316)

MAY2-10
Spanish troops led by Gov.Gen..Primo de Rivera captured the barrio Alalang,Fuerte Quintana,Naik,Amadeo, Indang, Mendez-Nunez, Alfonso and Maragondon. (EA:10)

May 4-
Town of Maragondon.Andres Bonifacio and his wife Gregoria de Jesus interrogated before the military court. (PI : I, 319-323)

Summary of Testimonies:
Andres Bonifacio: He does not know of a government supported by an army ;that it is not true that he ordered Giron to assasinate Aguinaldo.

Gregoria de Jesus:She does not know who started the fight and who fired the first shots; that there never was a meeting in in their house;she did not know that there is a president of the Government;that Bonifacio never give an order to attack the soldiers and Col. Agapito(Intong) Bonzon want to rape her which he failed to do so on account of the strong opposition among the soldiers.

The Investigating Judge (Pantaleon Garcia) filed the following report:that Bonifacio without any authority recruited soldiers and detained those who opposed his plans; that the first shots were fired by Ciriaco Bonifacio while Andres and Procopio fired their arms also;that it is not true that there exist no government presided over by Aguinaldo he being present in Tejeros election and he ordered Aguinaldo's execution based on Pedro Giron's testimony.(PR;I,323-324)

MAY 6-
On the second meeting of the Chairman and the members agreed with the findings of the Investigating Judge and recommended death sentence for the Bonifacio brothers.(PI:I,326-327)

MAY 7- Judge Advocate General Baldomero Aguinaldo,(Emilio's cousin) recommended "that the findings of the court martial be approved and its decision confirmed. "(PR:I.328)

MAY 8- Pres.Emilio Aguinaldo commuted the death sentence imposed to the Bonifacio brothers to 'incommunicado' life imprisonment and Benito Torres et.al will serve temporary imprisonment for one year to be served in their former barracks. (PR: 329)

The commuted sentence made known the counsels (Gonzales did not sign) and to the convicts (Andres did not sign the notification). (PR:I,330)

-Generals Pio del Pilar and Mariano Noriel advised Pres.Emilio Aguinaldo to withdraw the commuted sentence and asked him to imposed the death sentence beacuse they were a threat to his life ,the stability of the government and the unity within the revolutionary ranks.( MGH:288-289)


MAY 10- Andres and Procopio Bonifacio executed by a group of soldiers led by Maj.Lazaro Makapagal in the hills of Maragondon,Cavite. Spanish troops bombarded Maragondon. (MGH: 290, for the facsimile of Maj.Macapagal's account on the execution of Bponifacio brothers,see IT:*11-815)

MAY 11- BATTLE OF MARAGONDON. The town was attacked by 7,000 enemy soldiers and 180 Filipino government soldiers killed. Soldiers retreated to Mount Buntis.(ITP :633)

Aguinaldo and the revolutionary army fled to Talisay,Batangas ;went to Laguna,then to s San Mateo; escaped through Paliparan to Almanza and Muntinglupa;crossed the Pasig River with 500 men and camped at Malapad na Bato, Guadalupe.Then he marched towards San Juan del Monte ,Montalban and went his way to Mt.Puray.( TR:10-11 )

STATISTICS:
Spanish offensive :52 days
Casualties: 15 officers,168 men killed and 56 officers and 910 men wounded.(PI:I73)

Insurgent casualties: 3,450 men.(exaggerated ?)
(Source: PI:I,73)


JUNE 13
ASSEMBLY OF MT.PURAY.
In the camp of Gen..Licerio Geronimo in Mt.Puray ,one of former Bonifacio's 'real'/mountain fortress ,a meeting was held and the DEPARTAMENTAL GOVERNMENT OF CENTRAL LUZON was created , The following were elected officers ( ITP: 586-588) :

Fr. Pedro Dandan (Cavite) .............................President
Dr,Anastacio Francisco ( Manila).....................Vice President
Paciano Rizal (Laguna)...................................... Secretary of Treasury
Cipriano Pacheco (Rizal)................................... Secretary of War
Teodoro Gonzalez ( Rizal)................................. Secretary of Interior
Feliciano Jocson (Manila) ................................. Secretary of Welfare

Provincial Governors:

Antonio Montenegro............................................ Manila
Francisco Macabulos Soliman............................. Tarlac and Pampanga
Lino Viola ............................................................. Bulacan
Manuel Tinio.......................................................... Nueva Ecija
Paciano Rizal......................................................... Laguna

The Assembly designated the following as military commanders :

General Command of the Army of Central Luzon under Gen.Mamerto Natividad

Lt. Generals :Mariano Llanera and Licerio Geronimo

Division Generals : Mamerto Natividad, Melencio Carlos,
Simeon Tecson and Sinforoso de la Cruz

Brig,Generals: Isidro Torres, Francisco Macabulos Soliman,
Benito Natividad ,Tiburcio de Leon ,Hermogenes Bautista,
Julian Bautista, Andres Pacheco,Manuel Tinio,Tomas Tagunton
and Pablo Kabling ( Cabiling).

June 14-11:00 AM
BATTLE OF MT.PURAY,Aguinaldo delt a crushing victory over the enemy.(ITP; 589-597)

JULY 2
Gov.Promo de Rivera issued a decree restricting the movement /travel of town people.(MCR:9)

JULY __

Aguinaldo issued a proclamation addressed "To the Brave Sons of the Philippines.He ordered the revolutionists to adopt "the Cuban plan of ambush and guerilla warfare...The war must be prolong ...so that Spain may be compelled to grant our demands (reforms---D)"that ends which we shall ardently desires " ,not ot total independence that Bonifacio and the Katipunan aspired.(MCR:10-11)

JULY___

Aguinaldo issued another proclamation contrary to one cited above .Inasmuch as Spain will not head the Filipinos legal appeal for reforms he wrote " To arms ,Filipinos,To arms my brothers"
and went back to the original purpose of the revolution "we aspire to have the glory of obtaining liberty,independence and honor for the country." (MCR: 12-13)

THE REVOLUTION BETRAYED:THE CAPITULATION "AGREEMENT OF BIAK NA BATO "

AUG.9
Pedro A.Paterno present himself unexpectively in Aguinaldo's headquarters at Biak na bato,Bulacan.He offered his service as Aguinaldo's emissary to deal with Spanish authorities "for the termination of this fatricidal struggle by a convention of peace which is bound to assure the prosperity of our beloved country".( PI: I;357-348)

Aguinaldo appointed Paterno to represent him in the negotiations and gave the following terms:(1As the Chief of the Revoliutionary Army he should receive 3,000,000 pesos in pecuniary compensation:(2) compensation for properties destroyed during the revolution and (3) reforms-safeguards against friar oppression and Philippine representation in the Spanish Parliament,
(RM:23)

AUG.31
Gregorio del Pilar attacked the convent of Paombong,Bulacan.


Oct.16-
Gov.Gen.Primo de Rivera issued a decree calling for two kinds of native volunteers:Local and mobilized.The local volunteers were to be employed for the defense of their towns while the mobilized volunteers were to be incorporated with regular troops. (PI: I,77)

OCT.22

HONG KONG JUNTA formed.

OCT.28
ASSEMBLY OF FIELD COMMANDERS AT BIAK NA BATO.
GEN. MAMERTO NATIVIDAD ,led the "war party" that voted to continue the struggleand continue the revolution to the bitter end.(MCR:14)


NOV.1
Promulgation of the PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION OF BIAK NA BATO, drafted by ISABELO ARTACHO and FELIX FERRER.(HP:39) Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho copied the contents of the Cuban Constitution of 1895 and pass off as their original work. (MCR:14)

The Constitution of Biak na Bato's Preamble acknowledged that Philippine independence "has been the end sought by the revolution.It provided for the creation of a Supreme Council headed bt a president supported by his cabinet;Tagalog as the national language and a Bill of Rights.(MCR:15)

( For the list of the signers of the provisional constitution see.... HP: 40 footnote )

NOV.2
The officers of the Supreme Council was elected: Emilio Aguinaldo (President); mariano Trias (vice President);Antonio Montenegro(Secretary of Foriegn Affairs;Isabelo Artacho (Secretary of Interior);Emiliano Roego de Dios(Secretary of War) and Baldomero aguinaldo(Secretary of Treasury) (HP:41)

NOV.11
Gen.Mamerto Natividad ,Commander in Chief of Central Luzon, died during the capture of Cabiao,Nueva Ecija.He was one of the leaders of the revolution who were against any concessions with the Spaniards. (HP;43)



Dec.14 -15
The Biak na Bato " Peace Agreement " signed by Gov.Gen.de Rivera (representing Spain) and Pedro Paterno (representing the revolutionists ). (HP:43)

Zafra summarized the provisions of the agreement:"(1) payment of 800,000 dollars to the revolutionists ,of which 400,000 dollars was to be paid upon the departure of Aguinaldo and his companions to Hong Kong; (2) payment of 900,000 dollars to those who suffered from the war;(3)surrender of firearms by the revolutionists;(4)grant of general amnesty by the Spanish government." (PHTSS:232)



DEC.16
Through a proclamation , Aguinaldo announced that he approved the programme presented by Paterno and declared that those who disobey his orders to lay down their arms have no right to call themeselves revolutionaries ,can not recieve any benifit or charities forthcoming under the agreement and branded them as 'tulisanes' or bandits. (PI: I,414)

DEC.25

Aguinaldo in his speech before he left for Hong Kong delivered a speech wherein he stated the reason for the cessation of the revolution:" I lay down my arms because continuing the war(the revolution---D), will produce turmoil and evil ,in place of happiness".He praised Gov.Gen.Primo de Rivera,who filled with love four our dear country (Spain---D) inagurated an era of peace;and described Pedro Paterno, the peace negotiator,as a "lover of the well being of our native land" .He concluded his speech with the shout of " Viva Espana,Viva Filipinas".

DEC.29-Aguinaldo and other exiles arrived in Hong Kong.

DEC.30
First anniversary of Rizal's martyrdom observed by Hong Kong exiles.(HP:47)


BIBLIOGRAPHY

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DPP- Kalaw, Maximo.The Development of Philippine Politics.1926.Reprinted Quezon City.
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HCP-Fernandez,Pablo. History of the Church in the Philippines (1521-1898).San Juan,Metro Manila.1988

HP- Kalaw,Teodoro. Ang Himagsikang Pilipino.Manila.1989 (Filipino translation of "La Revolucion Filipina".

*ITP- Ronquillo y Valdez, Carlos. Ilang talata Tungkol sa Paghihimagsik (Revolucion) nang 1896-1897. Ed. by Isagani R.Medina. Quezon City.1996

*KPPC- Canseco, Don Telesforo.Kasaysayan ng Paghihimagsik ng mga Pilipino sa Cavite(1897).
Translated in Pilipino with Spanish original text of "Histpria de la Insurrection Filipina en Cavite(1897). Quezon City.1999

*KR- Alvarez, Santiago V. The Katipunan and the Revolution:Memoirs of a General.with the Original Tagalog Text.Translated by Paula Carolina S.Malay. Quezon City.1992

MCR- Agoncillo,Teodoro A. Malolos :The Crisis of the Republic.Quezon City.1997 Ed.

*MGAR. Ricarte Artemio. Memoirs of Gen.Artemio Ricarte. Manila.1992

*MGH- Aguinaldo,Emilio.Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan.Manila.1998

*PHTSS- Zafra,Nicolas. Philippine History Through Selected Sources.Quezon City 1967

*PI- Taylor,John R.M. Philippine Insurrection Against the United States.Pasay City.1971

*TR- de los Santos,Efifanio.The Revolutionists:Aguinaldo. Bonifacio .Jacinto.Manila.1973



Note: * Primary Sources/contains historical documents